In spite of hard evidence for the widespread damage that prenatal exposure to alcohol causes, drinking during pregnancy persists. Animal studies have shown that as little as one dose of alcohol can reduce brain cell adhesion and cause neurological deficits, but research conducted on children with low levels of prenatal exposure to alcohol has been contradictory. There is little evidence that one drink or even two a day cause harm. Most research suggests that a high blood alcohol level is the most important factor in fetal alcohol damage and that binge-drinkers are the most frequent mothers of children with fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS). The most common disabilities associated with FAS are in the general categories of interpersonal (lack of empathy and bonding, externalization of blame, and excessive demand for attention); medical/neuromotor (hyperactivity, asthma, heart and kidney problems); and speech/language (talkativeness and general delay in communication). Behavioral problems, including delinquency, can stem from the deficits related to FAS. Juveniles with FAS can manifest an inability to learn and internalize moral values and responsible behavior. Lack of empathy renders them incapable of managing their behavior according to its effect on others. Early and accurate diagnosis is believed by some experts to be the single most effective intervention with FAS. On top of this base of knowledge and compassion, appropriate services can then be obtained from the school district, county mental health or medical staff, and parental efforts. This article concludes with brief descriptions of some innovative programs likely to succeed with FAS clients. 10 references