The Working Group on Civilian Biodefense, which includes representatives from major academic medical centers, government, military, public health, and emergency management groups, has made recommendations concerning diagnosis of anthrax, indications and justifications for vaccination, therapy for those exposed, post-exposure prophylaxis, decontamination of the environment, and additional research and development needs. Naturally occurring anthrax generally attacks a large number of animal species, and can be transmitted to humans via contact with infected animals. B. anthracis spores may remain viable for years and are highly resistant to physical or chemical disinfecting agents. The article details pathogenesis of B. anthracis, as well as clinical considerations of cutaneous anthrax, pulmonary anthrax, and gastrointestinal anthrax. Bibliography