Discussion on preparation for the effects of WMD terrorism should focus on the profound psychological effects that a mass casualty event would have on individuals, communities, and the Nation. There may be anywhere from 4 to 20 psychological victims for every physical victim in a mass casualty event. Some of the factors that have been associated with an increased number of psychological casualties are number of physical casualties, lack of general knowledge about the cause, physical proximity to location of event, and increased publicity and media coverage. Psychological effects can be described on a spectrum from "worried well" to "shell shock" victims who are literally incapacitated from psychological stress. For those taking care of victims of a mass casualty incident, differential diagnosis is neither trivial nor easy. Persons responding to a mass casualty event may also become psychological casualties. Measures to mitigate this among responders include getting enough sleep, decreasing unnecessary exposure to the dead and ill, debriefing, and identifying high-risk individuals. Mental health care is the key to preventing mental health problems after an attack. Informed mental health care professionals will be in a prime position to quell fears and end a spreading panic. Psychiatrists should be able to make a differential diagnosis, and can play a key role in differentiating true exposure to a biological or chemical agent from psychogenic reaction. An equipment demonstration in May 2001 showcased state-of-the-art commercial off-the-shelf components and systems to Federal, State, and local law enforcement agencies and other first responders. Blast protective barrier systems and windows, personal protective equipment, and waterside security equipment were among the demonstrations highlighted. The emergency manager's role is that of a team builder. All risk assessment and planning involve a team approach reaching across all jurisdictional boundaries. The National Planning Conference and Exhibition on WMD Terrorism Preparedness and Response highlighted the latest technologies, equipment, and professional services available from the industry.