After listing special risk factors for abuse in children and in parents, the chapter notes that social isolation and a poor parental support system can be factors in child abuse and/or neglect. Factors that influence a parent to foster social isolation for the family and children include intellectual limitations that impede the development of social contacts, low self-esteem that prevents parents from developing friendships, poor social skills in initiating or developing relationships, keeping social contacts or friendships at a superficial level, perceived slights from others, and self-absorption and lack of empathy. Spouses or live-in partners can also pose high risk factors that may contribute to the isolation of the primary parent. It is important that professionals working with abused children identify parental and family factors that may cause social isolation and increase the risk of child abuse. The isolated individual is better able to reach out for support from relatives and neighbors when there is understanding of the individual's fears and help with their concerns. In addition to a home-visiting program by caseworkers, it is important that caseworkers coordinate the involvement of relatives, neighbors, and community organizations in making constructive social contacts with the family. A case vignette with follow-up questions is presented. 3 resources