An overview of the current strategic and political environment considers the evolving threat with the convergence of terrorism and the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, rapid advances in science and biotechnology in recent years, the challenge of infectious diseases, and the political dynamics between the United States and other countries. In discussing "new thinking and new measures" for addressing the threat of biological weapons, the report states that the first goal must be to shape the way people think about biological weapons, so their use in the service of whatever cause will never resonate positively, such that their mere existence is delegitimized. A comprehensive strategic response to the challenge of biological weapons involves deterrence, prevention, defense, and consequence management. What is missing in the many activities underway in each of these areas is a strategic framework for giving them coherence. The measures discussed in this report, therefore, focus on activities that promote the new conceptual and policy environment that is required to provide the foundation on which such activities can be developed, sustained, and integrated. Recommendations in the area of building an intellectual infrastructure to create better analytical tools focus on threat assessments, risk assessments, scientific assessments, impact assessments, and ethical awareness. New partnerships is another focus of a coordinated, comprehensive approach to the challenge of biological weapons. New partnerships must include the active participation and leadership of the scientific community as well as the involvement of the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industry. Further, international cooperation and assistance will be required to strengthen export controls, global epidemiological surveillance, and an effective response to noncompliance.