In 1990, Donald Black proposed a theory of conflict management that applies to conflict at all structural levels among individuals, groups, and nations. He defines conflict management as the response to a grievance. Black’s model of vengeance suggests five characteristics of a conflict increase the chances of violent vengeance: relational distance, functional independence, equality, immobility, and cultural distance. Black’s model of vengeance has been seen as influential. Yet, it has not been tested in the traditional sense of the term. The purpose of this paper is to test his model of vengeance. In testing the model, the case control design matched pairs of conflicts with individuals. Conditional logistic regression was used to estimate the equations and eliminate autocorrelation. The results offer support for Black’s propositions regarding relational distance and functional independence. The quantitative data indicate strangers and those who are independent of one another resort to vengeance more than intimates and dependents. The qualitative data illustrate these patterns and point to connections between premodern and modern violence. However, the results do not support Black’s theoretical propositions regarding equality, immobility, and cultural distance. Attempts to refine Black’s model of vengeance should focus on the measurement model and causal model. Black’s model should also be examined to see whether it can explain conflict management among groups and nations. References