The main sections of the chapter address the maintenance of security in interdependent systems; domestic preparedness for extreme events; homeland-security initiatives after September 11, 2001; obstacles, dilemmas, and opportunities for enhancing security; and an emerging strategy for homeland security. The chapter notes that since the September 11th terrorist attacks in 2001, a promising security strategy is emerging for metro regions in Pennsylvania and other States. Although the details of the strategy are still being developed, the framework outlines the four main elements. One element is the creation of regional task forces that group counties and cities into geo-spatial units for preparedness activities such as risk assessment, training, and exercises. In the second element, priority is given to improving the response capacity of emergency personnel. The third element recognizes that information technology can improve the performance of emergency personnel, along with training and equipment. The fourth element emphasizes that a learning strategy constitutes a basic approach to managing risk in an unpredictable environment. To the extent that metro regions can develop a common framework for addressing all hazards--premeditated, natural, and technological--greater efficiency and effectiveness will be achieved. This common framework, however, must allow for flexibility and adaptability in managing risk in a complex, interdependent environment that must include public, private, and nonprofit organizations. 8 notes and discussion questions