The study findings suggested that lifers could and did adapt to incarceration in active and effective ways, although adjustment typically was an ongoing experience linked to the variables of individual characteristics, the actions of other inmates, and the behaviors and policies of prison staff. The men, who were incarcerated in Maryland and Pennsylvania beginning in the years 2001 through 2004, attempted to make the most of their life in prison by identifying the resources legitimately available to them and using them to pursue a positive life in prison that featured autonomy (making choices that give them some control over their lives in prison); security; and satisfying interactions with other inmates and prison staff. Regarding autonomy, the inmates may not have much control over their prison regimen, but they do make choices about their attitudes and behaviors within the activities and restrictions set for them. The inmates attempt to establish predictability in prison life and routine in order to reduce stress and ensure their safety. Their routines are designed to keep them away from the more predatory inmates whose impulsive behavior is a source of unpredictability and thus stress. As lifers age and perhaps cultivate empathy for others, they apparently value their connection to other inmates and often attempt to help young inmates avoid the mistakes they made when they were younger. 7 notes and 29 references