Findings suggest that psychological control may carry a different meaning in collectivist groups (Middle Eastern and South Asian) than in individualist groups (Western European). Higher levels of psychological control were found in the collectivist group. However, were not accompanied by higher levels of maladaptive maternal cognition and emotion, nor were they accompanied by more harmful child outcomes. Measures of psychological control may reflect maladaptive processes in individualist backgrounds, but not necessarily from a group of mothers from collective groups. This study had two main goals. The first goal was to test the relationship between maternal psychological control and perspective-taking and to assess mothers’ views of their children’s traits and their views of their children specific to when they misbehaved. The second goal was to examine psychological control in collectivist and individualist groups in order to determine the main effects of culture and differences in within-group associations. References