Replies from member states show that significant efforts have been made both at the national and international levels to strengthen the rule of law and criminal justice institutions in many countries. Many countries indicated that the rule of law is contained in constitutional provisions and that one of the fundamental ways to ensure the rule of law is through the principle of legality, which advocates the clear statement of laws. Several countries reported on recently adopted legislation that complies with the international instruments against drugs, crime, and terrorism. A number of the responses from countries highlighted various aspects of fair and effective justice systems. A well-trained and properly recruited judiciary and the establishment of courts, prosecution services, and police stations in all districts were recognized as important. Several countries reported on the creation of specialized units within the police or prosecution service to deal with organized crime, corruption, and fraud. Some countries have created a specialized system of juvenile justice. Countries also reported on efforts to reform their institutions and criminal justice systems, in some cases drawing on assistance from bilateral or multilateral partners. There has been international cooperation and technical assistance in strengthening the rule of law and criminal justice institutions, with attention to countries that are emerging from conflict. The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime has provided technical assistance and advisory services to strengthen the rule of law. 18 notes