Following the Editor’s foreward in which he discusses his experiences researching drug activity on the streets of New York City in the 1960s, a series of 11 chapters are presented, each of which focuses on a different aspect of substance abuse and treatment. The first chapter discusses the shifts in societal attitudes about who should be punished and who should be treated within a correctional system that is comprised of both penal institutions and community agencies. The second chapter analyzes the perceptions and experiences of administrators, counselors, and participants involved in a prison-based substance abuse treatment program in a Kentucky prison. The third chapter presents the findings of a qualitative study on the illicit drug and injecting equipment markets inside English prisons. The fourth chapter examines numerous outcomes related to crime and drug use to examine the effectiveness of a prison-based drug treatment program in California. The fifth chapter focuses on the deterrent and rehabilitative effects of both incarceration and mandated treatment for nonviolent drug-addicted felons. The sixth chapter analyzes the relationship between criminal violence and type of substance abuse among current and former residents of an inpatient drug and alcohol treatment facility. The seventh chapter discusses drug treatment issues that are unique to corrections-based residential drug treatment programs for juvenile offenders. The eighth chapter examines the relationships between client and program characteristics and the length and outcome of drug court participation. The ninth chapter presents the results of an evaluation of the long-term effectiveness of the Yuma County Adult Drug Court (Arizona). The tenth chapter discusses the factors that contribute to successful relapse prevention among former drug addicts. The 11th chapter presents an in-depth 4-year case study of an adolescent exposed to crack cocaine in utero. Tables, figures, notes, references, index