Interpersonal violence has an enormous impact on women's emotional and physical health and may lead to substance abuse. Substance abuse typically comes after the onset of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). PTSD and substance abuse as responses to violence can be successfully treated if they are accurately diagnosed. This article discusses models for co-occurring trauma and substance abuse, as well as their empirical base, general themes, and policy implications and future directions. The discussion of treatment models focuses on the development of coping strategies and techniques that provide mental and physical safety for the victim; the concurrent treatment of PTSD and cocaine dependence; trauma recovery and empowerment; and substance dependence-PTSD therapy. The description of prevention models addresses collaborative care, which combines various existing treatments, including motivational interviewing, cognitive-behavioral therapy, case management, and psychopharmacology. Another prevention model involves the use of a 17-minute video for women rape survivors that is designed to prevent the development of PTSD and related symptoms. The article outlines several general themes from this review. First, many models have been developed, but there is limited empirical work regarding their implementation and effects. Second, thus far, treatments for trauma and substance abuse have consistently shown positive outcomes. Third, models have important similarities and differences, but their specificity for women is unclear, as is specificity for interpersonal violence. Fourth, the broad question regarding how to improve treatment for women impacted by interpersonal violence requires looking beyond just therapy models to other key areas. Three key areas mentioned are clinician training, increased funding for services, and efforts to change the culture of treatment systems. 46 references