In order to understand the development of police departments in America, it is essential to identify the theoretical concepts that led to a need for law enforcement in the first place, as well as police departments and officers. In America, the police are designed and organized to support the concepts found in deterrence theory. Police departments have been organized to prevent crime. With that in mind, this book is written to facilitate change in municipal placing and to identify effective methods for the implementation of crime prevention programs. The first chapters in the book identify the problem and the need to fully understand the dilemma. From the cost of reactive policing to the community problems created by reactive policing, these chapters outline the issues and problems. The middle chapters identify the strategies to improve police community relationships and adjust the measurements for effective policing. The concluding chapters identify strategies designed to facilitate police department organizational change, thereby introducing a new theory of policing. The book is intended primarily as a textbook for criminal justice students, but is also useful for police departments and elected officials responsible for police administration and community safety. Figures, tables, notes, references, and index