A national, cross-sectional survey of non-government AOD agencies was undertaken using a mailed questionnaire. All non-government AOD agencies in Australia, providing at least one face-to-face specialist AOD service, were invited to participate. Agency goals and activities were assessed using the Drug and Alcohol Program Treatment Inventory, which has eight distinct treatment orientations: 12-step, therapeutic community, cognitive behavioral therapy, psychodynamic, family, rehabilitation, dual diagnosis and medical. There was a high degree of uniformity in treatment orientations with religiously affiliated agencies having similar goals and activities to non-religiously affiliated agencies. Cognitive behavioral therapy was most commonly provided and 12-step the least provided. Religiously affiliated agencies were significantly more likely to favor the 12-step orientation in both goals and activities. Concerns that the religious affiliation of non-government organizations might influence AOD service delivery in Australia appear to be overstated. Factors contributing to the observed uniformity of care may include a more strategic, federal approach; and an increasing emphasis on best practice within the sector. The lack of discernable differentiation between religiously affiliated and non-religiously affiliated non-government organizations may also be attributable to changes in the way services are delivered by many religious organizations. (Published Abstract)