Women are the most rapidly growing group of prisoners in Western jurisdictions, with the majority of them mothers. Research conducted over the past 40 years has concentrated on describing, but not evaluating, the circumstances, including the care arrangements, of their dependent children. Whilst fathers have played a small but significant role in this care, they are largely absent from discourse. This paper discusses research findings about the role of fathers in providing care to children while their mothers are in prison. This is part of a wider study which examined the impact of maternal incarceration on 20 young people in Victoria, Australia. In the current study, findings indicate that although fathers were the largest group providing care for these young people, participants were mostly unsatisfied with these arrangements. The current study considers children's and mothers' perceptions of the quality of that care and implications for mother-child relationships. Abstract published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons.