Despite the heterogeneity of posttreatment outcomes, the likelihood of relapse is often dependent on several factors, including participation in continuing care services such as self-help groups. However, few studies have examined the use of self-help groups among adolescent outpatients. Therefore, in this study, investigators examined self-help group attendance among male and female adolescents during the three-month time period immediately following outpatient substance abuse treatment. Gender differences were found in regard to self-efficacy, coping, and severity of substance-related problems. A path model indicated that environmental risk provided the greatest total effect on substance-use frequency. Implications for research and practice are reviewed. Abstract published by arrangement with Taylor and Francis.