The information in this report was compiled to provide assistance to probation officers working with drug and/or alcohol-involved probationers in Indian country. The report notes that many tribal communities prefer not to imprison their members who have been charged with a crime either directly related to or associated with drugs and/or alcohol. These tribal communities prefer alternatives to incarceration such as probation and community supervision programs that offer a more culturally compatible approach to punishment for crime in Indian country. The report offers information to probation officers on changing offenders' behavior to improve public safety, establishing conditions of probation, identifying risk, and identifying criminogenic needs for behavior change. Additional information is also provided on how to find risk/need assessment tools and how to use these tools to supervise drug and/or alcohol-involved probationers more effectively. Ways for using the tools include working with the probationer to develop a plan of action, monitoring the plan of action, and involving families in the supervision process. References