RECENT TRENDS AND REVOLUTIONARY DEVELOPMENTS IN PHILOSOPHY, IN TREATMENT APPROACHES, AND IN JUDICIAL MANDATES ARE INTEGRATED IN THE TEXT. EMPHASIZED IS THE IMPORTANCE OF INDIVIDUAL MOTIVATION, RATHER THAN GENERAL CAUSATION, WHICH WAS PREVIOUSLY NEGLECTED. PARTICULARLY TREATED ARE THE ISSUE OF DECISIONMAKING AND THE PROBLEM OF SUPERVISING DRUG ADDICTS. ALSO DISCUSSED AND INTERPRETED ARE THE MAJOR LEGAL DECISIONS WHICH HAVE STIRRED PRACTITIONERS AND WHICH HAVE REFORMED PROBATION AND PAROLE. APPENDICES CONTAIN STANDARDS FROM THE NATIONAL ADVISORY COMMISSION ON CRIMINAL JUSTICE STANDARDS AND GOALS FOR BOTH PROBATION AND PAROLE. (AUTHOR ABSTRACT)...KAP