MANAGEMENT BY OBJECTIVES EMPHASIZES GOAL ORIENTATION. IT IS A STRATEGY OF PLANNING AND GETTING RESULTS IN THE DIRECTION THAT MANAGEMENT WISHES AND NEEDS TO TAKE, WHILE MEETING THE GOALS OF PARTICIPANTS. UNLIKE REACTIVE LEADERSHIP OR CRISIS MANAGEMENT, PROACTIVE LEADERSHIP CONSIDERS THE PROBLEM AT HAND AND IS NOT STIFLED BY THE RISK INVOLVED IN A DECISION. INNOVATION AND CREATIVITY ARE CHARACTERISTIC OF THE PROACTIVE LEADER. ANTICIPATORY LEADERSHIP IS BASED ON INTELLECTUAL ENRICHMENT, EFFECTIVE PLANNING, MANAGEMENT BY OBJECTIVES, SELECTION OF ALTERNATIVES, AND CONSIDERATION OF INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL CONSEQUENCES OF DECISIONMAKING. ADAPTIVE LEADERSHIP REFERS TO FLEXIBILITY IN DEALING WITH CHANGE. POLICE LEADERSHIP MUST SET THE PHILOSOPHY, GOALS, OBJECTIVES, TONE, STYLE, ATMOSPHERE, AND STANDARDS UPON WHICH THE ORGANIZATION OPERATES. ALTHOUGH POLICE LEADERS HAVE NEITHER THE POWER NOR THE RESOURCES TO CONTROL COMPLETELY THE RATE OR DIRECTION OF CHANGE, EFFECTIVE POLICE LEADERS DO NOT LET CHANGE OR ITS PROCESS CONTROL THEM. AMONG THE WAYS IN WHICH PROACTIVE LEADERS ARE FACING CHANGE ARE THE USE OF CENTRALIZATION/ DECENTRALIZATION, RESPONSIBILITY, AUTHORITY, AND ACCOUNTABILITY CONCEPTS; CITIZEN INVOLVEMENT IN POLICE POLICY; COMBINATION OF COMMUNITY RELATIONS AND CRIME PREVENTION AT THE BEAT OFFICER LEVEL; AND USE OF TRADITIONAL AND NEIGHBORHOOD POLICE TEAM DEPLOYMENT. (LKM)