DETERMINATION OF RAPE OR OTHER FORMS OF SEXUAL ASSAULT IN LIVING VICTIMS AND IN THOSE WHO HAVE BEEN MURDERED IS DISCUSSED. THE VARIOUS TESTS FOR PENETRATION REQUIRED TO PROVE RAPE ARE REVIEWED. PAPANICOLAOU'S CYTOLOGICAL METHOD, SEMINAL ACID PHOSPHATASE TESTS, AND VARIOUS OTHER MICROSCOPIC METHODS. TESTS FOR BLOOD TYPE WHICH CAN BE MADE WHEN TRACES OF SALIVA ARE FOUND ASSOCIATED WITH BITE MARKS ARE REVIEWED. PHOTOGRAPHS AND DISCUSSION DETAIL THE DAMAGE WHICH OFTEN ACCOMPANIES THE RAPE OF A CHILD. METHODS OF EVIDENCE COLLECTION IN BOTH ADULT AND CHILD RAPE ARE EXPLAINED. THE PATHOLOGIST IS WARNED THAT RAPE IS NOT ALWAYS ACCOMPANIED BY SIGNS OF PHYSICAL VIOLENCE; MANY TIMES THREATS WITH A KNIFE OR GUN ARE USED. THE MORE COMMON FORMS OF VIOLENCE FOUND IN ASSOCIATION ARE REVIEWED, AS ARE THE MARKS LEFT ON THE ASSAILANT. MURDER IN THE COURSE OF RAPE, RAPE AS PART OF ANOTHER CRIME, NECROPHILIA, AND FALSE ALLEGATIONS OF RAPE ARE DISCUSSED. THE FINAL SECTIONS POINT OUT THE TYPES OF INJURIES USUALLY ASSOCIATED WITH INTERCRURAL INTERCOURSE, HOMOSEXUALITY, BESTIALITY, AND SELF-INFLICTED SEXUAL INJURY. IT IS POINTED OUT THAT THESE INJURIES ARE USUALLY MINOR, BUT THAT THEY BECOME SIGNIFICANT WHEN ASSOCIATED WITH MURDER OR ANOTHER CRIME. SADO-MAOCHISM IS ALSO COVERED. THE PATHOLOGIST IS WARNED THAT PATTERNS OF SEXUAL VIOLENCE ARE VARIED AND CAREFUL DETECTIVE WORK IS OFTEN NECESSARY TO RECONSTRUCT AN EVENT. REFERENCES ARE APPENDED. (GLR)