THIS SELF-INSTRUCTIONAL PROGRAM CONSISTS OF SEVERAL SECTIONS OF INFORMATION, PRESENTED IN ILLUSTRATED NARRATIVE FORM, WITH EACH SECTION FOLLOWED BY MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS. CORRECT ANSWERS ARE PROVIDED ON THE PAGES FOLLOWING THE TESTS. USERS SHOULD START AT THE BEGINNING OF THE BOOKLET AND WORK STRAIGHT THROUGH, WRITE OR MARK ANSWERS AS DIRECTED, AND CHECK COMPLETED WORK. THE IDEA OF FAIRNESS IN RETALIATION OF THE COMMISSION OF A CRIME WAS THE FIRST STEP TOWARD PRIMITIVE JUSTICE. BECAUSE INDIVIDUAL RETALIATION BECAME A CRIME ITSELF IN MANY CASES, COURTS WERE ESTABLISHED TO METE OUT DESERVED PUNISHMENT; THIS REPRESENTED THE FIRST STEP TOWARD CIVILIZED JUSTICE. AT THIS TIME, WHEN PUNISHMENTS WERE MOST HARSH, CRIME AND CORRUPTION FLOURISHED. SOME VICTIMS OF MEDIEVAL 'JUSTICE' WHO WERE NOT KILLED OR MUTILATED WERE OFTEN SENTENCED TO LIFE OR LONG YEARS CHAINED IN THE HULLS OF SHIPS. OCCASIONALLY SOME CONVICTED CRIMINALS WERE SIMPLY EXILED, OFTEN FROM ENGLAND TO AMERICA OR TO AUSTRALIA. IN AMERICA, THE FIRST REFORMS IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE WERE BROUGHT ABOUT BY WILLIAM PENN; IN THE 1600'S THE 'GREAT LAW' WAS PASSED PRESCRIBING PUNISHMENTS IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE MORE HUMANE QUAKER CRIMINAL CODE. PENNSYLVANIA AND MASSACHUSETTS WERE THE FIRST STATES TO SUBSTITUTE IMPRISONMENT FOR PHYSICAL PUNISHMENT AND DEATH PENALTIES. UNDER THE STRICT RELIGIOUS INFLUENCE OF THE QUAKERS, THE PENNSYLVANIA PENITENTIARIES WERE DESIGNED AS PLACES OF REPENTANCE, WHERE PRISONERS WERE KEPT IN ISOLATION. THE INTENT OF THIS ISOLATION WAS REHABILITATION OR CORRECTION OF THE PRISONER, NOT JUST PUNISHMENT. IN CONTRAST TO THE PENNSYLVANIA SYSTEM, THE AUBURN SYSTEM OF NEW YORK ALLOWED PRISONERS TO WORK TOGETHER DURING THE DAY. BECAUSE OF EIGHTH AMENDMENT PROVISIONS OF THE CONSTITUTION FORBIDDING CRUEL AND UNUSUAL PUNISHMENT, LIVING CONDITIONS IN MANY PRISONS SLOWLY IMPROVED. IF CORRECTIONS PROGRAMS ARE TO WORK, HOWEVER, CORRECTIONAL OFFICERS MUST USE THEIR INFLUENCE TOWARD CORRECTION AND REHABILITATION. (LWM)