In 1973 Joseph M. Rodriguez acquired approximately 170 pre-Columbian artifacts, and with the aid of four other defendants, he sold the artifacts to an undercover FBI agent. All five were arrested and charged with the transportation and receipt of stolen goods under NSPA. Application of NSPA to foreign property raises such issues as which nation's laws are applicable, who will enforce the judgment, and what degree of 'knowledge' that objects were 'stolen' is sufficient to sustain a conviction. Possible solutions to the problem of illegal traffic in art include action by museums or dealers, treaties, cooperation between exporting and importing nations through licensing, and strict port control. Mexican laws of nationalization of artifacts are seen as ineffectual and are actually contributing to the operation of a black market. The NSPA is shown to be not applicable to the facts in the McClain case, since it was intended to discourage the taking and receiving of stolen goods, not goods legitimately obtained. It is suggested that a reliable supply of artifacts be placed in the stream of commerce to check the growth of the black market. A total of 232 footnotes accompany the text.