The data offer neither support nor denial of the position that effective, stringent criminal penalties will deter drug use and traffic. This was due to the failure to enforce the New York laws. Given the present condition of law enforcement, the criminal justice system, and the urban environment, these 'Rockefeller Drug Laws' could not be implemented and thus could not work. The project examined the operation of the criminal justice system to determine whether the perceived risk to the potential criminal was significantly increased. It found that despite the change in law, the investment of $34 million, and the creation of 49 new courts, the statistical risk of incarceration for a person who committed a drug-related felony in 1975 was exactly the same as it had been in 1972. About the same level of arrests continued, although there was a reduction in arrests for offenses subject to the most severe penalty. If the indictment and conviction rates had not declined, many more individuals would have gone to jail under the 1973 laws. There has been no ascertainable change in either the heroin drug traffic level or in crime associated with it. The data available provide no significant basis for believing that the 1973 laws repressed what would otherwise have been higher levels of illicit drug use and crime or deterred second felony occurrences. A peculiar and unexplained finding of the project was that in 1973 about 48 percent of all street and property crime in New York City was drug-associated, but that percentage has been falling sharply (in 1976 only 23 percent was drug-associated). Finally, the burden that the new laws placed on the court system was so great that in 1976 the statute was amended to drop the prohibition against plea bargaining. Audience comments and discussions are provided. Footnotes are included.