The California prison population is growing at an alarming rate, while nonprison correctional alternatives are disappearing. This study reviews existing and proposed alternatives to prison at the national and international level; analyzes crime, criminal justice, and prison population trends in California; surveys existing postconviction alternatives in California, with particular emphasis on those available for convicted felons; analyzes relevant legislation in California and other States; and surveys attitudes toward alternatives held by local and State officials. Based on study findings, two strategies are proposed to resolve the prison problem and stimulate new directions in correctional practices. Emergency or short-term recommendations are actions the State can undertake immediately to reduce prison overcrowding without constructing more bed space. This plan emphasizes greater use of nonprison placements in carefully administered, controlled, and evaluated community work and restitution programs. Only minimum security risk inmates with short periods of time left to serve would be eligible for these programs. Also, a reorganization of the State's correctional system is recommended, such that overreliance on prisons is ended and more diverse and innovative sentencing options are developed. Minimum goals for nonprison placement of felons are listed.