In England and Wales, there is no comprehensive prosecutions service such as exists in France and West Germany. The English system is further complicated because several agencies other than the police have enforcement functions in the areas of investigation, prosecution, or both. Further, there is a wide measure of discretion both at common law and under statute concerning whether to prosecute for an offense. It is clear that regarding a number of infractions, both practice and the structure of modern legislative schemes result in enforcement authorities' relying on informal machinery, then upon administrative devices or civil procedures, and only ultimately upon the criminal law as a last resort. In Britain, both legal persons (corporations) and individuals are subject to the criminal law. There is little evidence to suggest that British courts are lenient toward the wealthy and influential offender. The real issue in discretionary enforcement policies is whether it is proper to treat the criminal law as a mechanism of last resort in dealing with certain economic crimes and whether a policy of administrative enforcement has not sometimes resulted in an ignoring of civil liberties guarantees. Conventional penalties have not been wholly effective in suppressing economic crime, so the courts have been empowered to impose disqualification orders on the directors and managers of companies. The United Kingdom has traditional mechanisms of law enforcement cooperation with European neighbors, but has done little to extend measures of cooperation in criminal matters. A total of 65 notes are listed.