While team policing does not directly involve citizens in law enforcement, it is an attempt to form stronger bonds between the police and the community by assigning small teams of officers to work in specific neighborhoods, thus increasing the likelihood of community input for policing policy. Recent movements toward citizen's auxiliary police efforts may take the form of involving citizens in crime prevention activities (increased reporting of crimes and implementing security systems for residences) or even citizen street patrol under police supervision. Widespread enthusiasm for self-defensive, vigilante activity has been one indicator of citizen discontent with urban policing. Some of these efforts have been criticized for being outside of police control, using violence, and manifesting racism, but such groups have still received considerable neighborhood support. Examples of citizen dispute processing are the Boston Urban Court program, which involves the use of trained citizens to assist in resolving interpersonal disputes in lieu of formal judicial intervention, the use of community volunteers to prepare sentencing recommendations for consideration by judges, and victim services, as well as the Los Angeles Hearing Officer program, which operates as a preprosecution dispute resolution mechanism. The Christian Conciliation Service operates completely outside the criminal justice system and attempts to resolve cases by invoking moral and spiritual authority rather than legal authority. A total of 46 notes are listed.