A substantive theory of probation, termed the BAD model, is proposed. It emphasizes the centrality of organization buffering, occupational identity and use of coercive power. To test the model, the study focused on the use of the several enforcement behaviors: carrying a firearm while working, number of adult probationers arrested in the past year, number of adult probationers revoked for a technical violation, number of adult probationers revoked for committing a new crime, and number of adult probationers incarcerated. Data were collected by mailed questionnaires from 551 small probation agencies in the United States and their officers and by site visits. Profiles of probation workers revealed a similarity in their work style that was characterized as tough-minded, but soft-hearted. The analysis demonstrated a direct relationship between professionalism and formal social control. The results also supported the BAD model in explaining enforcements behaviors. The data suggest that probation work is a borderline profession that differs primarily from law enforcement in its greater institutional loyalty to and dependence on the courts. Tables, approximately 100 references, and the survey questionnaires are included. (Author abstract modified)