The study examined the decision to incarcerate in 11,098 cases involving probation-eligible offenders convicted of felony offenses in New York State during 1980. Cases in which imprisonment was mandatory were excluded from the analyses. Analyses were conducted separately for the three regions of New York City, the suburban area of New York City, and upstate New York. The influence of race on the decision to incarcerate was determined by using statistical procedures that defined defendants who were similarly situated on the factors of prior record, age, sex, crime type, statutory class, and charge degradation. The differences in incarceration rates among racial/ethnic groups were small in New York City, but the disproportionality was substantial in other areas of the State. New York City judges incarcerated about half of the white Hispanic defendants and 55 percent of the blacks. Blacks were 13 percentage points more likely than whites to be incarcerated in the suburban area and 17 percentage points more likely to be incarcerated upstate. The independent effect of race, when simultaneously controlling for prior record, age, sex, crime type, statutory class, and charge degradation, was less than the overall disproportionality; however, in both the suburban and upstage regions, being black still increased the changes of being incarcerated to a large and statistically significant degree. Other potentially important factors such as weapons use, injury to victims, and pretrial detention were not available for study. If influential factors not included in the study correlate with minority status, then some of the disproportionality due to the omitted factors will have been attributed to minority status. Tabular data, 30 footnotes, and 17 bibliographic entries are provided. (Author summary modified)