Emphasis is also placed on comparisons between community-based correctional strategies and traditional and institutional strategies, and on the connections between law enforcement activities, judicial practices, and corrections. The nature and unique histories of the following types of programs are described: diversion programs, pretrial release programs; probation, restitution and community service programs, temporary release programs, halfway houses, and parole. Contemporary forms of each program are described; both exemplary and typical programs are presented for purposes of illustration. Guidelines for program development and administration are offered for programs that require extensive citizen involvement or are particularly likely to encounter citizen resistance. Additional discussions cover the special problems and needs of female, juvenile, and substance-abusing offenders and the community-based correctional programs designed to meet their needs. The role of volunteers, paraprofessionals, and ex-offenders in community-based corrections is also examined. The future of community corrections is explored in the context of efforts to plan, organize, and unify correctional efforts. Figures, data tables, chapter notes and reading lists, and an index are supplied. (Author summary modified)