Data collection efforts included telephone surveys of project directors and policymakers, site visits to six State programs, and reviews of legislative histories and previous research. Victim compensation programs have spread rapidly in recent years and gained broad support. Major issues in the field include differences in program rationales, difficulties in assessing achievements, program structure and organization, eligibility and coverage policies, procedures, costs, funding mechanisms, coordination with other victim services, and potential impacts on victims. While most programs are low in visibility and serve only a small fraction of crime victims, they have served increasing numbers of victims and increased awards. In addition, they have been cost effective, accountable, and sensitively responded to victims' needs. Likely program trends are increased flexibility in eligibility criteria and expanded use of fines and penalty mechanisms for funding rather than general revenues. Needed improvements include increasing public awareness, broadening eligibility requirements, expediting claims processing, and improving award procedures. Most programs have their roots in a lack of funding, and steps should be taken to provide sufficient funds so these programs can fulfill their potential. Tables are included.