Contrary to popular belief, research in developed countries indicates that rape is often committed by a pair or group of offenders, is often planned, is often committed by someone known to the victim, and does not always involve alcohol. Work by Amir (1971) suggests that women, by their own actions or lack of them, may precipitate a rape. This attitude influences lay and professional medical and legal attitudes toward rape victims, reducing the offender's culpability and making prosecution less likely. Women of all ages are vulnerable to rape, although adolescents account for the most rape victims, and children are particularly susceptible to sexual assault. Black women are far more vulnerable than white women to rape, and single women are more vulnerable than married women. Victims often experience shock at a sudden attack, a fear of dying, and gross anxiety. Many victims fear the reaction of family and friends, experience nightmares and phobias, and worry about their ability to be sexually active with men in the future. A rape trauma syndrome has been identified to explain the victim's immediate and long-term reactions. Family, friends, and medical and legal professionals often assume that the victim precipitated the crime in some manner. Victim contacts with police and the court system are often harrowing. Three patterns of rape have been identified: the anger rape, the power rape, and the sadistic rape. Rapists are motivated more by anger and the need to assert dominance than by sexual desire. Although counseling for victims is becoming more available, women are also taking the necessary steps to protect themselves. About 50 references are provided.