Most sociological theories have emphasized either social learning and/or situational stress and frustration as causes of abuse of women. Wife abuse must, however, be viewed in the wider context of violence against women, both historically and in the present. The concept of machismo, or compulsive masculinity, can provide a unifying conceptual framework for understanding wifebeating. Male socialization emphasizes strength, sexism, and aggression. Considerable evidence links machismo attitudes and violent behavior, both in American culture and cross-culturally. The nature of machismo attitudes and the patriarchal system, both deeply embedded in western culture, generate conditions and relationships leading to a husband's use of force against his wife. Data suggest that wifebeaters are frequently virulently possessive and desperately trying to maintain control over their wives. These men have leanred that it is appropriate to use physical aggression against their wives. Stress and threats to macho pride may spark expressions of violence, and alcohol may facilitate violence. Many authors have noted the lack of support the abused woman receives from society's institutions. Further, victims are encouraged to internalize social myths which view the battered woman as responsible for her own plight. Psychologically, for the victim, abuse appears to be related to a learned helplessness response, low self-esteem, depression, and withdrawal and an internalization of guilt. These responses, coupled with a lack of resources and support, may serve to keep women in battering relationships. The theoretical frameworks examined may provide a basis for nursing care of battered women, but more research is needed. A total of 286 footnotes are included.