The analysis portrays the diverse and numerous functions performed by the modern Chief Justice in the context of nearly two centruies of institutional history. Findings and options for structural change in the chief justiceship are presented to inform public leaders and citizens about the status of the Federal judicial system and the conditions that must be faced by its current and future leadership. The problems resulting from an enlarging caseload and a growing administrative workload are emphasized. The conference brought together people with extensive practical experience as well as scholars in the field. Figures, tables, footnotes, and an appendix listing the statutory duties of the Chief Justice are provided.