The text examines the historical development of parole as it became a uniquely American practice. It traces the development of probation from Judaic law through early English and European predecessors to its American implementation. The presentence investigation (its function, use, objectives, and role in sentencing hearings) is also covered. Separate chapters focus on granting and revoking both probation and parole; the parole and probation officers' roles in reference to supervision styles, the treatment-supervision dichotomy, education and training, standards, and roles of professional organizations; service delivery strategies (alternatives to individual casework, such as community resource management teams and contracting for services); and supervision planning and differentiated supervision levels. Recent statistics provide the basis for a review of the current use of paraprofessionals, ex-offenders, and volunteers. Final chapters survey the issue of effectiveness in terms of costs and outcomes and then identify political philosophy, costs, management issues, strategies, and tactics for increasing probation parole effectiveness in the next decade. Each chapter concludes with review questions, a list of key terms, references, and suggested readings. A glossary and an index are supplied.