Science/Technology > Less Lethal Technologies

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What is less-lethal technology?
Less-lethal technology devices serve to minimize the risk of death and injury to public safety offic... Read More
Last Updated: March 3, 2020
How many deaths have occurred as a result of law enforcement's use of pepper spray?
A study of deaths from the use of oleoresin capsicum ("pepper spray") was conducted with grant money... Read More
Last Updated: September 20, 2019
Have studies been conducted on the use of pepper spray by law enforcement?
Evaluations on the use of pepper spray by law enforcement are available in the following National In... Read More
Last Updated: October 7, 2011

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Pepper Spray: Research Insights on Effects and Effectiveness Have Curbed Its Appeal, NIJ, May 2019, NCJ 252955. (2 pages).
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TECHBeat, July/August 2018, NIJ-Sponsored, August 2018, NCJ 251925. (10 pages).
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Injuries Associated with Police Use of Force, NIJ-Sponsored, March 2018, NCJ 251532. (7 pages).
HTML (Journal Access) HTML (Grantee Summary) NCJRS Abstract
Local Police Departments, 2013: Equipment and Technology, BJS, July 2015, NCJ 248767. (17 pages).
Agency Abstract PDF (Summary) PDF (Full Report) TEXT NCJRS Abstract
Use of Force and Conducted Energy Devices - Interview With Geoffrey P. Alpert, NIJ, March 2012, NCJ 238512. (3 pages).
Agency Abstract VIDEO NCJRS Abstract
Comparing Safety Outcomes in Police Use-Of-Force Cases for Law Enforcement Agencies That Have Deployed Conducted Energy Devices and A Matched Comparison Group That Have Not: A Quasi-Experimental Evaluation, NIJ-Sponsored, September 2009, NCJ 237965. (101 pages).
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April 6, 2020