Across the United States there are over 47 boot camps in State prison systems, 2 in the Federal system, 10 in local jails and prisons, and approximately 6 for juveniles. The nature and quality of boot camp programs vary considerably, with military discipline and training providing the common core. U.S. evaluations have concluded that boot camps do not reduce recidivism, do not reduce prison populations, and do not reduce costs. Given the comprehensive concerns about the lessons inherent in the military model and given the lack of information about the long-term effects of boot camps on individuals and families, the model's attraction at home and abroad apparently lies more in its perceived public appeal than in measurable effectiveness. A number of researchers doubt the efficacy of the military framework of boot camps, but many accept it as a given that must be salvaged by reform efforts. This paper outlines policy recommendations intended to minimize the damage and maximize any positive program outcomes. Still, the author concludes that the boot camp context is inappropriate and arguably alien to Australian history and cultures. Boot camp populations will inevitably include disproportionate numbers of Aboriginal and other minority youth, and heavy-handed control has not worked with Aboriginal people nor juveniles in general. 19 references