The authors contend that policy considerations pertinent to industrial espionage go well beyond narrow ones about the ways countries should spy on each other or prevent others from spying on their national public and private sectors. A more comprehensive view calls for addressing ways to foster international conventions, the harmonization of national practices, and laws to control and minimize government-sponsored industrial espionage. The authors believe a nationalist approach to dealing with industrial espionage will become increasingly nonviable for major industrial states. The discussion of industrial espionage encompasses concepts and policy considerations related to intellectual property, espionage and counterespionage for commercial advantage, economic intelligence and security, differences among countries and industrial firms, and unilateral and multilateral actions to prevent industrial espionage. 95 references and 5 endnotes