The text also examines the historical roles of the women's movement and the battered women's movement in relation to the development of a politically subversive approach to counseling. The model focuses both on empowering individual women and on seizing the collective power of women to end their victimization. One chapter explores debated issues in feminism and the emergence of feminist therapy; these include male-female differences, differences among women, the nature of individual women's problems, separatism and alternative systems, organizational structures, and consciousness raising. Additional chapters focus on empowerment counseling, counseling practice with battered women, a case study of counseling in feminist social change programs, a subversive counseling model, and professional training and values. Subject and author indexes and approximately 150 references