There are both psychological and social forces underlying any act of gang-initiated violence. Of the social norms that operate within many groups, particularly in gangs, is a force created by the juxtaposition of four highly touted cultural values that support the use of violence to solve problems. These are the cultural values of courage, heroism, machismo, and physical prowess. These typically male-valued attributes are particularly rewarded in the military in times of war. Military prowess is proven by using violence to control territory and dominate and subdue the enemy. Likewise, in the gang culture the virtues of courage and heroism are used in justifying violence for defensive or expansion purposes. These values may be reinforced and bonding among gang members increased under aggressive police and community efforts to counter gangs. Under such an attack, gang members may increase their violent behavior in an attempt to prove their power and courage. The most effective means for countering the violent behavior fostered by gangs is to channel youth and the less committed gang members into groups that foster nonviolent and prosocial behavior as a means of gaining peer acceptance. A 25-item select bibliography