Reasons why child labor is a form of child abuse and neglect are discussed, and definitions of child labor and child abuse and neglect are presented. The extent of child labor in Indian industries that employ children are examined in the legislative context, and causes of child labor and their consequences are considered. Causes of child labor are identified in relation to India's inequitable economic system, while consequences of child labor are cited that focus on physical and psychosocial work hazards, occupational injuries, physical and mental trauma, and exploitation. The lack of Indian research on psychological consequences of child abuse in general and child labor in particular is noted. The author indicates only physical consequences of child labor in a few industries in India have been documented and addresses research findings from developed nations in a discussion of psychological consequences of child labor. Recommendations for the prevention and control of child labor are offered that concern changes to existing legislation, improved labor inspection practices, extending and improving education for impoverished children, rehabilitation programs, surveys in rural and urban sectors, and a multidisciplinary approach. 27 references, 1 table, and 1 figure