The handbook provides assistance and guidance to countries who are either in the process of or interested in establishing probation, parole or other after care services. The book reviews trends in probation, such as mediation, community service orders, victims' rights and restorative justice. It also describes professional responsibilities, including community assessments; probation casework, supervision and conditions; and use of volunteer probation officers. Information on management and administration includes details regarding standards, staff, management and performance measurement; research and program evaluation; personnel standards and practices; inter-jurisdictional and international technical assistance and cooperation; information systems and technology; and managing risk and stress. Tables, appendixes