These notions are applied to cases in which the official economy benefits from goods and services provided by conventional organized crime, and vice-versa. The article focuses on case studies in trafficking in human beings and the illicit trafficking in arms. While crimes such as transnational fraud and money laundering may successfully be reduced through effective cooperation, information exchange, and general improvement in supervising frontiers, to tackle trafficking in human beings and the illegal trade in arms would require more than mere harmonization in the fields of law enforcement and prosecution. Some thought should be given to the issues of regulation, legal intervention, and penal deterrence. Notes