The overview of the history of California-based gangs notes that although they are not the oldest gangs in the Nation, they are probably the most copied of all gangs. Early Mexican gangs became the model for all other gangs that followed in California. Gangs are attractive to youth who have difficulty in bonding to parents and to mainstream social and educational institutions, as gangs offer the promise of bonding to peers, social status within the gang, and protection from rival gang members. Gangs become a threat to a community because they often use violence in reaction to perceived threats and disrespect. An effective strategy addresses gang problems on three levels: prevention, intervention, and suppression. Prevention programs focus on youth before they become involved in gangs; intervention helps youth get out and stay out of gangs; and suppression efforts protect the public from violent and other criminal gang activities. In discussing the types of gangs in California, the booklet profiles African-American, Asian, and Hispanic gangs. Female gang members are briefly discussed. Types of gangs described are the Goths, Skinhead, Tagger Crew, Tag Bangers, and Party Crew. Within these categories are a number of separate groups called "cliques" or "sets." A chapter on the signs of gang membership contains sections on "moniker," gang attire, hand signs, graffiti, jewelry, weapons, tattoos, body modifications, gang slang, photographs, music, other signs, and technology. A chapter on gang mentality and behavior considers attitude, respect, pay back, back up, leadership, and "joining" a gang. Another chapter focuses on behavioral changes and other signs that a youth has become involved with a gang. A chapter on prevention outlines what parents, communities, schools, and local governments can do to prevent youth from joining gangs.