Target removal, which minimizes attractive targets for criminal attack is the most effective strategy and provides the least opportunity for abuse. Another social-engineering strategy, "target devaluation," involves reducing or eliminating the value/attractiveness of a potential target for criminal attack. Although the target continues to exist, it can be designed so that only authorized users can benefit from possessing it. A third strategy is "target insulation." This involves protecting a target that holds value for potential offenders, such that the barriers to obtaining it are so difficult to overcome, that a potential offender will not target it. A fourth strategy is "offender weakening" or "incapacitation." This involves altering an offender's circumstance such that he/she is incapable physically or otherwise of performing a specific criminal act. A related strategy is "exclusion," whereby potential offenders and undesirables are exiled, imprisoned, or made subject to curfews, such that they have few opportunities to do harm. A sixth strategy is to decrease a potential offender's motivation for committing a crime because of the increased likelihood of detection and apprehension. 19 notes and 45 references