The first three papers provide a conceptual framework for the justice-as-fairness approach. They discuss the appropriate goal of the justice system and the implications of holding to such a goal, especially in the exercise of official discretion. The first essay traces the historical evolution of the 'medical' model of offender rehabilitation and compares it with the justice model based on principles of retribution. In another essay, the issue of system goals provides a backdrop to a discussion of discretionary decisionmaking by criminal justice officials. Several recent critiques of discretion are reviewed, and some of the more prominent reform measures are assessed. Furthermore, problems likely to be encountered in structuring the discretion of officials are considered, and it is emphasized that debating on the means to be used for structuring discretion rather than determining goals or ends is likely to compromise the degree of fairness built into the system. The final paper in this section is based on a retributionist approach: restitution is seen as a punitive sanction, not as a rehabilitative treatment. This essay reviews the historical evolution of restitution and considers more recent developments in policy, legislation, and programs before turning to an examination of the extent to which restitutive sanctions are conceptually and practically consistent with the justice-as-fairness approach. The second section deals with justice-as-fairness in relation to sentencing and release practices. It includes a critique of indeterminate sentencing as well as an argument for the right to treatment. The third section examines fairness in juvenile justice. Individual papers describe the traditional juvenile court principle of tailoring dispositions to the presumed needs of the individual child; identify major areas for juvenile justice reform -- decriminalization of status offenses, diversion, increased emphasis on due process procedures, and limitations on discretion; and review the research literature in these areas. A section on justice-as-fairness in the prison contains chapters on formalized inmate participation in prison operation, noncoercive institutional programming, and the changing role of the prison guard. The final segment focuses on overseeing the discretion exercised by justice officials in order to extend fairness in the system. One chapter deals with the development, current status, and role of the corrections ombudsman, while the final chapter reviews recent developments in prisoner rights litigation. An index and chapter notes are provided. (Author abstract modified)