The Canadian legislation dates from 1977; the French law went into effect in 1981. Both laws have a distinctly punitive character and derive from a perception of society as becoming more and more violent and thereby justifying repressive control measures. Criticism in Canada came mostly from professional (criminology) circles and was mild because the severe new penalties were viewed as a tradeoff for abolition of capital punishment, accomplished by the same legislation. Critics pointed out conceptual flaws related to the 25-year minimum sentence for certain offenses, the introduction of a 'dangerous' offender category, and the restrictions placed upon parole eligibility. In France, the debate assumed political dimensions, and the repressive policy direction was categorically rejected by the leaders of socialist groups. Having come to power, however, the Socialists have assigned this issue low priority, opting to enforce the law instead of changing it. Evaluations are planned, especially in Canada, to assess the efficacy of the new laws. The reference list contains 21 items.