The study found that family and school factors were important predictors of bystander intervention, with higher family management and more positive school climate associated with greater likelihood of intervention and higher feelings of social exclusion and teacher and peer discrimination associated with inactive responses to aggression and retaliation. The study concluded that a complex group of factors related to the likelihood of intervening when someone is being victimized or considering retaliation in response to victimization. These results provide guidance and new directions for possible school- and family-based interventions to encourage bystander intervention in instances of aggression. Participants in the study included 6th and 9th graders (N = 896, 52.8 percent female), who assessed how likely they would be to intervene if they observed aggression and when they heard the victim was planning to retaliate. (Publisher abstract modified)