Child Abuse and Victimization In 1997, child protective service agencies investigated 3 million reports of child abuse, of which just under 1 million cases were substantiated. In addition, 2,200 children are reported missing to law enforcement agencies every day. (Connelly, H. June 1999. "Children Exposed to Violence: Criminal Justice Resources." Office for Victims of Crime Bulletin. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.) Nationally, child protective service agencies received reports on more than three million maltreated children in 1996 a 161 percent increase from 1980. Of these reports, 35 percent were found to be substantiated while more than half (58%) were closed for lack of substantiation. The remaining 7 percent were closed without any finding at all. (National Center for Juvenile Justice. September 1999. Juvenile Offenders and Victims: 1999 National Report. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, 45.) Neglect was the most common form of maltreatment found among all age groups of victims; however, children eight years of age and younger experienced 65 percent of all neglect in 1996. (Ibid., 46) 1996 data on substantiated maltreatment found that 52 percent of victims were female; 55 percent were white, 28 percent black, 12 percent Hispanic, and 5 percent of other races. Nineteen percent of victims were aged two or younger, 52 percent seven or younger, and 7 percent sixteen or older. Eighty percent of perpetrators were the parents of the victim. (Ibid., 45) The FBI's National Incident-Based Reporting System data indicate that between 1991 and 1996, persons under the age of twelve were the victims of 5.5 percent of all violent crime incidents reported to a law enforcement agency. (Ibid, 29) Female victims were three times more likely than males to have experienced sexual abuse (16% vs. 5%) and less likely to have experienced neglect (54% vs. 62%); white youth were more likely than black youth to be victims of sexual abuse (13% vs. 7%). (Ibid., 46) Between 1991 and 1996, children under the age of twelve were the victims in 5.5 percent of all violent crimes reported to law enforcement agencies. These crimes included kidnapping (21%), sexual assault (32%), robbery (2%), aggravated assault (4%), and simple assault (4%). Thirty-seven percent of these victims were younger than seven and about half (47%) were female. (Ibid., 29) An estimated 1,077 children died as a result of maltreatment in 1996, with over half (56%) of all victims being male and under the age of four (76%). (Ibid., 45-46) Females were identified as the perpetrator of maltreatment in three of four reported cases; however, males were identified as perpetrators in 91 percent of reported cases of sexual abuse. (Ibid., 46) Professionals accounted for slightly more than half (52%) of all reports of abuse and neglect in 1996; family and community members reported 25 percent of the cases; and 23 percent of the reports were made either anonymously or from other sources. Victims self-reported in only 1 percent of all abuse and neglect cases. (Ibid., 46) Cost of Crime During 1998, losses estimated at nearly $446 million were attributed to robberies. The value of property stolen averaged $998 per robbery, ranging from $546 taken during robberies of gas or service stations to $4,516 per bank robbery. (Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). 17 October 1999. Crime in the United States, Uniform Crime Reports, 1998. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, 27.) The dollar value of property stolen in connection with property crimes in 1998 was estimated at over $15.4 billion. The average loss per offense in 1998 was $1,407, compared to the 1997 recorded figure of $1,314. In 1997, law enforcement agencies nationwide reported a 37 percent recovery rate for dollar losses in connection with stolen property. (Ibid., 36) Based on information from 11,377 law enforcement agencies, 66,508 arson offenses were reported in 1998. The average dollar loss of property damaged due to reported arsons was $12,561. The overall average loss for all types of structures was $22,683. (Ibid., 55) During 1998, the estimated value of motor vehicles stolen nationwide was nearly $7.5 billion. The average value per vehicle at the time of theft was $6,030. In relating the value of vehicles stolen to those recovered, the recovery rate for 1998 was 65 percent. (Ibid., 50) During 1998, the average value of property stolen due to larceny-theft was $650, up from the 1997 value of $585. Applying the average value to the estimated number of larceny-thefts nationally, the loss to victims was nearly $4.8 billion for the year. (Ibid., 44) Allowing just one youth to leave high school for a life of crime and drug abuse costs society approximately $2 million. (National Center for Juvenile Justice. September 1999. Juvenile Offenders and Victims: 1999 National Report. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.) Total state correctional expenditures reached over $27 billion dollars in FY 1996, a 115 percent increase from $12.7 billion in 1985. (Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS). August 1999. State Prison Expenditures, 1996. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.) In 1996, the average cost to house each of the nation's one million plus state inmates per year was $20,142 compared to $18,400 in 1990. (Ibid.) The cost for all crime offenses declined in 1997 when compared to 1996 estimated costs. Robbery on streets or highways saw the highest cost reduction percentage per offense (13%), while larceny-theft from buildings saw the lowest (1.1%). (Bureau of Justice Statistics. 1999. Sourcebook of Criminal Justice Statistics 1998. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, 284, table 3.124.) In 1997, the cost of arson-related structural damage within the U.S. was just over $782 million. The cost of arson-related vehicular damage added another $103 million in losses in the arson category. (Ibid., 324, table 3.187) Losses for telemarketing and direct personal marketing fraud schemes alone are estimated to be more than $40 billion annually. (Miller, T., M. Cohen, and B. Wiersema. February 1996. Victim Costs and Consequences: A New Look. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, 13.) Crime and Education For the school year, July 1, 1997 through June 30, 1998, there were 58 school- associated violent deaths (student and non- students) that resulted from 46 incidents. Forty-six of these violent deaths were homicides, 11 were suicides, and one teenager was killed by a law enforcement officer in the course of duty. (1999 Annual Report on School Safety, Joint Report. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education and U.S. Department of Justice, 2.) Thirty-two (70%) of the homicides at school occurred on school property, one (2%) occurred at a school-sponsored event, and 13 (28%) occurred in transit to or from school or a school-sponsored event. (Ibid., 3) Since the 1992-93 school year, there has been at least one multiple victim homicide event each year (except for the 1993-94 school year). The number increased from two events in 1992-93 to five events in 1997- 98. (Ibid.) Students ages twelve through eighteen were more likely to be victims of serious violent crime away from school than at school. In 1997, about 24 of every 1,000 these students were victims of serious violent crimes away from school (a total of 635,900 serious violent crimes). In contrast, only eight of every 1,000 students were victims of serious violent crimes at school or going to and from school (201,800 total). (Ibid.) In 1997, there were 63 thefts for every 1,000 students (ages twelve to eighteen) at school. Theft accounted for about 61 percent of all crime against students at school that year. (Ibid., 4) The overall crime school crime rate between 1993 and 1997 declined, from about 155 school-related crimes for every 1,000 students ages twelve to eighteen in 1993 to about 102 such crimes in 1997. Crime victimization outside of school declined from about 139 crimes for every 1,000 students in this age group in 1993 to 117 such crimes in 1997. (Ibid.) In 1997, 5 percent of all 12th graders reported that they had been injured on purpose with a weapon such as a knife, gun, or club during the prior twelve months while they were at school. (Ibid., 5) On average, each year from 1993 to 1997 there were 131,400 violent crimes against teachers at school and 222,800 thefts from teachers at school. This translates into a rate of 31 violent crimes for every 1,000 teachers and a rate of 53 thefts for every 1,000 teachers. (Ibid.) Gangs reportedly operate in 41 percent of urban schools, 26 percent of suburban schools, and 20 percent of rural schools. (Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. February 1999. Promising Strategies to Reduce Gun Violence. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.) Serious violent crime appears to be prevalent in only a minority of the nation's public schools. Only 13 percent of high schools and 12 percent of middle schools contact police about incidents of attacks or fighting involving weapons. (National Center for Juvenile Justice. September 1999. Juvenile Offenders and Victims: 1999 National Report. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, 33.) Crime and Victimization In 1998, U.S. residents aged twelve or older experienced approximately 31.3 million crimes. Types of victimization are as follows: 73 percent (22.9 million) were property crimes, 26 percent (8.1 million) were crimes of violence, and 1 percent were personal thefts. (Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS). July 1999. Criminal Victimization 1998: Changes 1997-98 with Trends 1993-98. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.) Victims reported about half of all violent crime (46%) and about a third (35%) of property crimes to the police in 1998. Among violent crimes, victims reported robberies most often (62%) and rape or sexual assaults least often (32%). Among property crimes, motor vehicle thefts continued to be the property crime most often reported (80%). (Ibid.) Offenders used a weapon in about one fourth of violent victimizations in 1998. (Ibid.) In 1998, law enforcement agencies nationwide made an estimated 14.5 million arrest for all criminal infractions excluding traffic violations. More specifically, drug abuse violations accounted for 1.6 million arrests, driving under the influence registered approximately 1.4 million arrests, and larceny-thefts and simple assaults each accounted for 1.3 million arrests. (Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). 17 October 1999. Crime in the United States, Uniform Crime Reports, 1998. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, 209.) The 1998 rate for Crime Index offenses 4,616 for each 100,000 inhabitants in the U.S. was the lowest reported rate since 1973. (Ibid., 6) Crime Index Offenses for 1998 include the following crimes and prevalence of occurrence: larceny-theft (59.1%); burglary (18.7%); motor vehicle theft (9.9%); aggravated assault (7.8%); robbery (3.6%); forcible rape (0.7%); and murder (0.1%). (Ibid., 8, figure 2.3) Even though total Crime Index arrests fell 12 percent, with violent crime arrests decreasing 8 percent and property crime arrests by 14 percent, data used to establish five-year trends show total arrests were up 4 percent in 1998. From 1994 to 1998, juvenile arrests increased 1 percent, and adult arrests rose 5 percent. (Ibid., 209) Victim characteristics for violent crime in 1998 are as follows: 76 percent were reported to be aged eighteen and over, 15 percent juveniles twelve to seventeen, and 6 percent children under the age of twelve. Males accounted for 42 percent of victims and females, 58 percent. Seventy-two percent of victims were white, 25 percent black, and the remaining victims of other races or unknown race. (Ibid., 279) Of the 21 percent Crime Index clearance rate (excluding arson), murder offenses were cleared most often (69%) and larceny-theft offenses cleared the least (14%). (Ibid., 199) Of the 421,493 victims of violent offenses, 112,042 (27%) were reported to have been related to one or more of their offenders. (Ibid., 280) In 1998, simple assault was the most common offense of all reported violent crimes (58.2%). (Ibid., 279) Domestic Violence According to the FBI's Uniform Crime Report, spousal abuse (including common-law spouses) comprised 43 percent of all family violence incidents reported to police in 1998. (Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). 17 October 1999. Crime in the United States, Uniform Crime Reports, 1998. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.) Victims of family violence are overwhelmingly female 71 percent for family violence versus 58 percent for all other types of violence. (Ibid., 281) A slightly larger percentage of family violence victims are white compared to victims of overall violence, 74 percent and 72 percent, respectively. (Ibid.) In 15.1 percent of family murders, the offender used his/her feet, hands, or fists to kill his/her intended victim. (Ibid., 282) In 1996, women experienced an estimated 840,000 rapes, sexual assaults, robberies, aggravated assaults, and simple victimizations at the hands of an intimate down from 1.1 million in 1993. (Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS). 18 February 1999. "Characteristics of Crime." Summary Findings. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.) Intimate violence is primarily a crime against women. In 1996, females were the victims of three out of every four murders of intimates and about 85% of the victims of nonlethal intimate violence. (Ibid., 1) About 10 percent of all handgun purchase applications were rejected in 1998 because the applicant had been convicted of a domestic violence offense, and 3 percent were rejected because the applicant was the subject of a domestic violence protection order. (Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS). Presale Handgun Checks, The Brady Interim Period, 1994-98. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, 1.) Among women victimized by a violent intimate in 1996, about two-thirds of black females reported the abuse to law enforcement professionals, but only about one-half of white female victims did. (Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS). March 1998. Violence by Intimates, Analysis of Data on Crimes by Current or Former Spouses, Boyfriends, and Girlfriends. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, 19.) Nearly six in ten female domestic violence victims in 1996 report that police responded within ten minutes of receiving the report of abuse. (Ibid., 20) Data from the National Violence Against Women Survey indicate that violence against women is predominantly intimate partner violence. Of the women who reported being raped and/or physically assaulted since the age of eighteen, three-quarters were victimized by a current or former husband, cohabiting partner, date, or boyfriend. (National Institute of Justice and U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1998. Prevalence, Incidence, and Consequences of Violence Against Women: Findings From the National Violence Against Women Survey. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, 12.) When raped or physically assaulted by a current or former intimate partner, women were significantly more likely than men to sustain injuries and to report the assault, whether the time frame considered was the person's lifetime or the twelve months preceding the survey. (Ibid.) Drunk Driving A total of 15,935 persons, or 38 percent of all traffic fatalities, died in alcohol-related crashes in 1998 an alcohol-related fatality every 33 minutes. (National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. 1999. Traffic Safety Facts 1998, Alcohol. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Transportation, 1.) In 1998, more than 305,000 persons were injured in alcohol-related crashes an average of one person injured approximately every two minutes. (Ibid.) The rate of alcohol involvement in fatal crashes in 1998 was about four times as high at night as during the day (60% versus 17%) and almost twice as high on weekends as during the week (52% versus 29%). (Ibid., 2) Intoxication rates for vehicle operators involved in fatal crashes in 1998 were highest for motorcycles (31%), followed by light trucks (20%), passenger cars (18%), and large trucks (1%). (Ibid.) More than one-third (34%) of all pedestrians sixteen years of age or older killed in traffic crashes in 1998 were intoxicated. Pedestrians thirty-five to forty-four years old represented the category of victims' age most often intoxicated at the time of death (48%). (Ibid., 3) The intoxication rate for male drivers involved in fatal crashes was 20 percent, compared with 10 percent for female drivers. (Ibid., 5) Older drivers (over sixty-four) involved in fatal crashes in 1998 had the lowest intoxication rate (5%) of all adult drivers. (Ibid.) In 1998, 21 percent of young drivers, ages fifteen to twenty, killed in crashes were intoxicated. (National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. 1999. Traffic Safety Facts 1998, Young Drivers. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Transportation, 4.) Twenty-five percent of young male drivers (fifteen to twenty years old) involved in fatal crashes in 1998 had been drinking at the time of the crash, compared with 12 percent of young female drivers. (Ibid., 5) Twenty percent of child fatalities under the age of fifteen were killed in alcohol-related crashes almost half of these were in vehicles where the driver had a BAC level of at least 0.01. (National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. 1999. Traffic Safety Facts 1998, Children. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Transportation, 2.) In 1998, there were an estimated total of 968,868 arrests for driving under the influence of alcohol. (Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). 17 October 1999. Crime in the United States, Uniform Crime Reports, 1998. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, 211.) In 1997, drunk driving offenders accounted for nearly 14 percent of probationers, 7 percent of local jail inmates, and 2 percent of state prisoners a total of 513,200 offenders. (Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS). June 1999. DWI Offenders Under Correctional Supervision. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, 1.) Drunk driving is the nation's most frequently committed violent crime. (Summary of Statistics: The Impaired Driving Problem. 1996. Irving, TX: Mothers Against Drunk Driving National Office.) Note: OVC makes no representation concerning the accuracy of data from non-Department of Justice sources. Economic Crime In 1998, the total estimated arrests (based on all reporting agencies and estimates for unreported areas) included: 394,600 arrests for fraud; 114,600 arrests for forgery and counterfeiting; 17,100 arrests for embezzlement; and 137,900 arrests for buying, receiving, and possessing stolen property. (Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). 17 October 1999. Crime in the United States, Uniform Crime Reports, 1998. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, 210.) In 1998, 220,262 persons were arrested for fraud crimes. An additional 70,678 were arrest for forgery and counterfeiting offenses, and 10,585 persons were arrested for embezzlement. (Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS). 1999. Sourcebook of Criminal Justice Statistics, 1998. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, 214, table 32.) The U.S. Department successfully prosecuted 2,613 cases of financial institution fraud in 1998. These convictions netted $62.4 million in recovered assets and $491 million in court-ordered restitution to the victims of these frauds. (Ibid., 305, table 3.159) According to the Federal Bureau of Investigation, senior citizens are targeted at a rate of 34 percent of U.S. residents in fraud schemes. The general public is targeted for telemarketing fraud at a rate of 30 percent, small businesses at 12 percent, and investors at 7 percent. (Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). March 1998. Law Enforcement Bulletin: Telemarketing Fraud. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, 13.) Federal prosecutors filed 322 new criminal health care fraud cases in 1998 a 14 percent increase over the previous year. During this same time period, federal courts ordered convicted offenders to pay over $480 million in fines, judgments, and settlements. (Health Care Fraud and Abuse Control Program Annual Report for FY 1999. February 1999. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; U.S. Department of Justice.) According to the General Accounting Office and Trans Union, one of the three major credit bureaus, two-thirds of all consumer inquiries received in 1997 related to identity fraud a total of 522,922, up from a total of 35,235 in 1992. (Robinson, M. 24 July 1998. Associated Press.) The Secret Service reports that financial losses relating to identity fraud totaled $745 million in 1997, while only two years earlier, such losses amounted to $442 million. (Mannix, M. 1 June 1998. "Stolen Identity." U.S. News and World Report.) Each year, more than 24 million persons become victims of more than 38 million completed and attempted fraud crimes. (Miller, T., M. Cohen, and B. Wiersema. February 1996. "Victim Costs and Consequences: A New Look." National Institute of Justice Research Report, 7. , Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs.) On-line auction complaints were the number one fraud complaint in 1998. Auctions were first in consumer complaints in 1997 at 26 percent, but grew to 68 percent in 1998 a 600 percent increase. (Internet Fraud Watch, press release. 2 February 1999. Washington, DC: National Consumers League.) Note: OVC makes no representation concerning the accuracy of data from non-Department of Justice sources. Elder Abuse and Neglect The first-ever National Elder Abuse Incidence Study estimates that a total of 551,011 elderly persons, aged sixty and over, experienced abuse, neglect, and/or self neglect in domestic settings in 1996. Of this total, 115,110 (21%) were reported to and substantiated by adult protective service agencies, with the remaining 435,901 (79%) not being reported to APS agencies. These figures indicated that almost four times as many new incidents of elder abuse, neglect, and/or self-neglect were unreported than those that were reported in 1996. (National Center on Elder Abuse. September 1998. National Elder Abuse Incidence Study: Final Report. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families and Administration on Aging.) Neglect of the elderly was the most frequent type of elder maltreatment (48.7%); emotional/psychological abuse was the second (35.5%); physical abuse was the third (25.6%); financial/material exploitation was fourth (30.2%); and abandonment was the least common (3.6%). (Ibid.) Adult children comprised the largest category of perpetrators (47.3%) of substantiated incidents of elder abuse; spouses following second by 19.3 percent; other relatives were third at 8.8 percent; and grandchildren following last with 8.6 percent. (Ibid.) Three out of four elder abuse and neglect victims suffer from physical frailty. About one-half (47.9%) of substantiated incidents of abuse and neglect involved elderly persons who were not physically able to care for themselves, while 28.7 percent of victims could care for themselves marginally. (Ibid.) Some experts estimate that only one out of fourteen domestic elder abuse incidents (excluding self-neglect) comes to the attention of authorities. Based on these estimates, somewhere between 820,000 and 1,860,000 elders were victims of abuse in 1996, indicating that the majority of cases went unreported to state protective agencies. (Tatara, R. November 1997. "Reporting Requirements and Characteristics of Victims." Domestic Elder Abuse Information Series #3. Washington, DC: National Center on Elder Abuse, 1.) From 1986 to 1996, there was a steady increase in the reporting of domestic elder abuse nationwide, from 117,000 reported cases in 1986 to 293,000 reported cases in 1996 a 150.4 percent increase. (Ibid., 2) According to the National Center on Elder Abuse, 66.4 percent of victims of domestic elder abuse were white, 18.7 percent were black, 10.4 percent were Hispanic, and 1 percent each were Native Americans and Asian Americans/Pacific Islanders for the reporting year 1996. (Ibid., 2) Sixty-four percent of all reported elder abuse cases in 1996 were substantiated after investigation. (Ibid., 2) In 1996, 22.5 percent of all domestic elder abuse reports came from physicians and other health care professionals; 15.1 percent from other care service providers; 16.3 percent from family members and relatives; and the remainder from other reporting sources: police, friends, neighbors, clergy, banks/business institutions, etc. (Ibid, 1) Note: OVC makes no representation concerning the accuracy of data from non-Department of Justice sources. Hate and Bias Crime The Federal Bureau of Investigation reports that 7,755 hate crime incidents were reported to law enforcement agencies nationwide in 1998. The 7,755 incidents involved 9,235 separate offenses, 9,722 victims, and 7,489 known offenders. (Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). 17 October 1999. Crime in the United States, Uniform Crime Reports, 1998. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, 58.) In 1998, racial bias represented the largest percentage of bias-motivated offenses. Of the 9,235 reported offenses, 5,360 were motivated by racial bias. (Ibid.) Crimes against persons accounted for over 68 percent of hate crime offenses reported. Crimes against property accounted for over 31 percent, while less than one percent were crimes against society. (Ibid., 60) Of the hate crimes against persons, intimidation accounted for 55 percent, while simple assault and aggravated assault represented 27 percent and 17 percent, respectively. (Ibid.) Of the 7,755 hate crime incidents reported, 4,321 were motivated by racial bias; 1,390 by religious bias; 1,260 by sexual orientation bias; 754 by ethnicity/national origin bias; 25 by disability bias; and 5 by multiple biases. (Ibid., 58) In 1998, 65 percent of the 9,722 victims were targets of crimes against persons, as opposed to property or society. Nearly six of every ten victims were attacked because of their race, with bias against blacks counting for 38 percent of the total. (Ibid., 60) Of those offenses motivated by bias by ethnicity/national origin, over half of the incidents were reported as anti-Hispanic. (Ibid., 58) Of those offense motivated by bias against religious orientation, over three-fourths were based upon anti-Jewish bias. (Ibid.) Fifteen percent of all victims of hate/bias crimes were victims of crimes motivated by bias against sexual orientation; 67 percent of these were victims of specifically anti-male homosexual bias, and 18 percent specifically anti-female homosexual bias. (Ibid.) In terms of incidents in 1998, 2,901 were anti-black; 792 were anti-white; 1,081 were anti-Jewish; 293 were anti-Asian/Pacific Islander; 52 were anti-American Indian/Alaskan native; 850 were anti-gay men; and 223 were anti-gay women. (There were no anti-Hispanic numbers in this year's report.) (Ibid.) Of the known offenders, 66 percent were white and 17 percent black. (Ibid.) Law enforcement agencies reported 7,489 known offenders associated with the 7,755 incidents recorded in 1998. Of the known offenders, 6,474 were connected with crimes against persons, and 1,376 were associated with crimes against property. (Ibid., 60) Thirty-five percent of the 7,489 known offenders were involved with the offense of intimidation. (Ibid.) Homicide In 1998, the estimated number of persons murdered in the United States was 16,914. The 1998 figure was down 7 percent from 1997, and 28 percent from 1994. (Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). 17 October 1999. Crime in the United States, Uniform Crime Reports, 1998. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, 14.) The national murder rate in 1998 was six per 100,000 inhabitants, the lowest since 1967. Five- and ten-year trends show the 1998 murder rate was 30 percent lower than in 1994, and 28 percent below the 1989 rate. (Ibid.) Firearms were used in approximately six out of every ten murders committed in the nation in 1998. (Ibid., 17) Sixty-one enforcement officers were feloniously slain in the line of duty during 1998. (Ibid., 291) In 1998, 48 percent of murder victims were black, 50 percent were white, and the remaining 2 percent of murder victims were other races. Seventy-six percent of murder victims were male and 44 percent were between the ages of 20 and 34. (Ibid., 14) Handguns were used in 52 percent of all murders committed in 1998. Knives were used in 13 percent of the cases; blunt objects in 5 percent; and personal weapons in 7 percent of all murders. (Ibid., 282) A total of 16,019 murder offenders were also reported in 1998, of which 89 percent of those for whom sex and age were reported were male. Of those offenders for whom race was known, 49 percent were black and 49 percent were white. (Ibid., 14-17) Males are over nine times more likely than females to commit murder, and male and female offenders are more likely to target males as victims. (Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS). January 1999. Homicide Trends in the United States, Bureau of Justice Statistics Crime Data Brief. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs.) Of all persons murdered in 1997, 11 percent, or 2,100, were under the age of eighteen. Of these, 33 percent were under the age of six, 50 percent were ages fifteen through seventeen, 30 percent were female, 47 percent were black, 56 percent were killed with a firearm, 40 percent were killed by family members, 45 percent by acquaintances, and 15 percent by strangers. (National Center for Juvenile Justice. September 1999. Juvenile Offenders and Victims: 1999 National Report. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, 17.) In 1997, juvenile homicide rates were the lowest in the decade but still 21 percent above the average of the 1980s. In 27 percent of homicides by juveniles, the victim was also a juvenile. (Ibid., 53 and 54) A firearm killed 70 percent of victims murdered by juveniles. Of all victims killed by juveniles, 14 percent were family members, 55 percent were acquaintances, and 31 percent were strangers. (Ibid., 54) In 1997, an estimated 2,300 murders (approximately 12 percent of all murders) in the United States involved at least one juvenile offender. In 31 percent of homicides involving juvenile offenders, an adult offender was also involved. (Ibid.) Juvenile Crime and Victimization Juvenile violent crime is at its lowest level since 1987 and has fallen 30 percent from 1994 to 1998. The juvenile murder arrest rate has dropped 50 percent from 1993 to 1998. Other drops include: forcible rape down 25 percent from 1991 to 1998; aggravated assault down 20 percent from 1994 to 1998; robbery down 45 percent from 1995 to 1998; and motor vehicle theft down 39% from 1989 to 1998. (Office of Juvenile Justice Delinquency and Prevention. 1999. "Juvenile Arrests 1998." Bulletin. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.) In 1998, 18 percent of all persons arrested nationally were juveniles (ages eighteen and under). (Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). 17 October 1999. Crime in the United States, Uniform Crime Reports, 1998. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, 210.) Juvenile males are much more likely than females to be victims of serious violent crimes. In 1997, serious violent crime victimization rates were 33 per 1,000 male youth, compared to 21 per 1,000 female youth. (America's Children: Key National Indicators of Well-Being. 1999. Washington, DC: Federal Interagency Forum on Child and Family Statistics, 40.) In 1997, the serious violent juvenile crime-offending rate was 31 crimes per 1,000 juveniles ages twelve to seventeen years old, or a total of 706,000 such crimes. (Ibid., 41.) Juveniles are more likely to be the victim of a violent crime in the four hours following the end of the school day (roughly 2 p.m. to 6 p.m.) than at any other time of the day. (National Center for Juvenile Justice. September 1999. Juvenile Offenders and Victims: 1999 National Report. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, 34.) On a typical day in 1997, nearly 106,000 juveniles were being held in a residential facility as a result of a law violation. (Ibid., 31) One in five juvenile arrestees carried a gun all or most of the time. (Ibid., 69) Law enforcement agencies in the U.S. made 2.8 million arrests of persons under the age of eighteen in 1997, or in other words, one in five arrests made by law enforcement agencies involved a juvenile. (Ibid., 115-116) Male juvenile offenders were involved in about three-quarters of all person, property, and public order offense cases and 86 percent of all drug violation cases handled by juvenile courts in 1996 although they constitute only half of the juvenile population. (Ibid., 148) The 1996 National Youth Gang Survey estimates there were approximately 31,000 gangs operating in 4,800 U.S. cities in 1995. These gangs had more than 846,000 members, half of whom were under the age of eighteen. (Ibid., 77) Half of all persons arrested for arson are juveniles. Eighty-nine percent of juvenile arson arrest involved males; 79 percent were white, 67 percent were under the ages of fifteen, and 35 percent-involved children ages twelve or under. (Office for Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. February 1999. OJJDP Fact Sheet: Juvenile Arson, 1999. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.) Note: OVC makes no representation concerning the accuracy of data from non-Department of Justice sources. Rape and Sexual Assault In 1998, law enforcement agencies received reports of an estimated 93,103 forcible rapes. (Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). 17 October 1999. Crime in the United States, Uniform Crime Reports, 1998. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, 24.) The highest percentage of rape offenses are those committed by force, or 89% of rapes reported in 1998. Attempts or assaults to commit forcible rape accounted for the remaining 11 percent. (Ibid.) In 1998, participating law enforcement agencies made an estimated 31,070 arrests for forcible rape. Of those forcible rape arrestees, 45 percent were under age twenty- five, and 60 percent of those arrested were white. (Ibid.) Nationally, 11 percent of the total clearances for forcible rape involved only juveniles (persons under the age of eighteen). (Ibid.) An estimated 67 of every 100,000 females in the country were reported rape victims in 1998, a decrease of 4 percent from the 1997 rate, and 13 percent from the 1994 rate. (Ibid., 24) Females eighteen years of age and over comprise the largest category of women forcibly raped in 1998 (45.6%). Forty percent of rape victims were ages twelve to seventeen and 12.4 percent were ages zero to eleven. Of these victims, 78.6 percent were white, 18.3 percent were non-white, and in the remaining 3.1 percent cases, the race was unknown. (Ibid., 283) Children under twelve were more often victims of familial rape compared to all other age groups 36 percent versus 12 percent. (Ibid., 282) Personal weapons (hand, fists, feet, etc.) are the most frequently used weapons in all forcible rapes. In 35 percent of family rape and 29 percent of all other rapes, no weapon, including personal weapons, knives, guns or other identified weapons, was used. (Ibid., 283) One-third of all sexual assaults reported to law enforcement agencies involve a victim under the age of twelve; one in four of these victims is male. (National Center for Juvenile Justice. September 1999. Juvenile Offenders and Victims: 1999 National Report. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.) In sexual assaults of adults, the offender was a stranger in 25 percent of incidents, a family member in 12 percent of incidents, and an acquaintance in 63 percent of incidents. (Ibid., 30) In 1998, females sustained rape or sexual assault at a rate 14 times that of males (2.7 versus 0.2 victimizations per 1,000 persons). (Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS). July 1999. Criminal Victimization 1998: Changes 1998-98 with Trends 1993- 98. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.) In 1998, 74 percent of rape or sexual assault victims knew their offenders. Eighteen percent of victims were victimized by an intimate. (Ibid.) Nine percent of rape or sexual assaults were committed by an offender with a weapon. (Ibid.) Sentencing In 1996, state courts convicted 997,970 adult offenders on felony charges, an average growth of approximately 5 percent every year since 1988. (Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS). May 1999. "Felony Sentences in State Courts." Bulletin. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs.) Of felons convicted, 54 percent were white, 44 percent were black, and 2 percent were other races; the average age was 31. (Ibid., 1) Sixty-nine percent of all convicted felons were sentenced to a period of confinement 38 percent to state prisons and 31 percent to local jails. The remaining 31 percent were sentenced to straight probation with no jail or prison time to serve. (Ibid., 3) Under the Sentencing Reform Act of 1984, the proportion of defendants sentenced to prison increased from 54 percent during 1988 to 71 percent during 1998. (Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS). September 1999. Federal Criminal Case Processing, 1998. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.) During 1998, 92,813 offenders were under federal community supervision. Supervised release has become the primary form of supervision in the federal system: 59.1 percent of offenders were on supervised release compared to 34.7 percent on probation, and 6.3 percent remaining on parole. (Ibid.) On September 30, 1998, 107,912 offenders were serving a prison sentence in federal prison; 58 percent were incarcerated for a drug offense; 11 percent for a violent offense; 8 percent for a weapons offense; 8 percent for a property offense, 7 percent for an immigration offense; and 8 percent for all other offenses. (Ibid.) Nearly seven in ten state prison admissions for a violent crime in 1997 were in states requiring offenders to serve at least 85 percent of their sentence. (Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS). January 1999. "Truth in Sentencing in State Prisons." Special Report. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.) In 1996 the mean prison sentence for murder and non-negligent manslaughter was 21+ years; the median was 25 years. (Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS). May 1999. "Felony Sentences in State Courts, 1996." Bulletin. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, 3.) Between 1986 and 1997, prison sentences for federal offenses increased 39 months, on average, to 54 months. (Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS). June 1999. "Time Served in Prison by Federal Offenders, 1986-97." Special Report. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.) In 1986, 38,156 offenders were sentenced to federal prisons. In 1997, these numbers had increased to 98,944. (Ibid., 1) Time to be served in federal prisons increased from 23 to 75 months for weapons offenses, and from 30 to 66 months for drug offenses. (Ibid., 1) The average prison sentence for those who victimized a spouse or other intimate appears similar to the average sentences for victimizing strangers or acquaintances. (Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS). March 1998. Violence by Intimates, Analysis of Data on Crimes by Current or Former Spouses, Boyfriends, and Girlfriends. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, vi.) Stalking Data from the National Violence Against Women Survey, a nationally representative telephone survey of 8,000 men and 8,000 women ages eighteen and older indicates that 2.2 percent of males and 8.1 percent of females report being stalked during their lifetime. The survey defines stalking as a course of conduct directed at a specific person that involves repeated (two or more occasions) visual or physical proximity; nonconsensual communication; verbal, written, or implied threats; or a combination thereof, that would cause a reasonable person fear. (Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS). 1999. Sourcebook of Criminal Justice Statistics 1998. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice. Citing National Institute of Justice, 1998, Stalking in America: Findings from the National Violence Against Women Survey, Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.) Four out of five stalking victims are women. By comparison, 94 percent of the stalkers identified by female victims and 60 percent of the stalkers identified by male victims were male. (Violence Against Women Grants Office. July 1998. Stalking and Domestic Violence: Third Annual Report to Congress Under the Violence Against Women Act, citing the National Violence Against Women Survey. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, 10.) With respect to stranger and acquaintance stalking, 1.8 percent of all U.S. women, compared with 0.8 percent of all U.S. men, have been stalked by strangers; and 1.6 percent of all U.S. women, compared with 0.8 percent of all U.S. men have been stalked by acquaintances. (Ibid., 12) Researchers estimated that approximately 1 million women and 400,000 men are stalked each year in the United States. (National Institute of Justice. (1997, November). "The Crime of Stalking: How Big is the Problem?" Bulletin, citing The National Violence Against Women Survey, sponsored by National Institute of Justice & Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.) About half of all female stalking victims reported their victimization to police and about 25 percent obtained a restraining order. Eighty percent of all restraining orders were violated by the assailant. About 24 percent of female victims, as compared to 19 percent of male victims, said their cases were prosecuted. Of the cases in which criminal charges were filed, 54 percent resulted in a conviction. About 63 percent of convictions resulted in jail time. (Ibid.) Most victims knew their stalker. Women were significantly more likely to be stalked by an intimate partner a current or former spouse, co-habitating partner, or date. (Ibid.) Stalkers made overt threats to about 45 percent of victims; spied on or followed about 75 percent of victims; vandalized the property of about 30 percent of victims; and threatened to kill or killed the pet(s) of about 10 percent of victims. (Ibid.) Stalking episodes typically lasted one year or less, but sometimes continued for five or more years. When asked why the stalking stopped, about 20 percent of the victims said it was because they moved away. Another 15 percent said it was because of police involvement. (Ibid.) About one-third of stalking victims reported they had sought psychological treatment. In addition, one-fifth lost time from work, and 7 percent of those never returned to work. (Ibid.) Substance Abuse and Crime A total of 1,108,788 arrests were reported in 1998 for drug abuse violations, or a rate of 596 arrests per 100,000 inhabitants. (Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). 17 October 1999. Crime in the United States, Uniform Crime Reports, 1998. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, 211.) Substance abuse occurs only slightly more frequently in murders committed by family members when compared to all other murder types (22% versus 19%). (Ibid., 281) In 1998, 26 percent of 12th graders reported using illicit drugs in the previous thirty days, as did 22 percent of 10th graders and 12 percent of 8th graders. (America's Children: Key National Indicators of Well-Being. 1999. Washington, DC: Federal Interagency Forum on Child and Family Statistics.) High school seniors who used drugs were more likely than those who did not to be the victims of violence. Eleven percent of students using drugs other than marijuana three or more times reported they had been injured with a weapon and 21 percent had been injured on purpose without the use of a weapon. (Office of Juvenile Justice Delinquency and Prevention. Juvenile Offenders and Victims: 1999 National Report. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, 36.) One-half of all state inmates and a third of convicted jail inmates serving time for a violent against an intimate reported that they had been drinking for six or more hours prior to the offense. (Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS). March 1998. Violence by Intimates, Analysis of Data on Crimes by Current or Former Spouses, Boyfriends, and Girlfriends. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, 28.) It is estimated that nearly 14 million U.S. residents, aged twelve and older, used illicit drugs in 1997. Of that number, 4 million were thought to be chronic drug users 3.6 million chronic cocaine users and 810,000 heroin users. (Office of National Drug Control Policy. National Drug Control Strategy, 1999. Washington, DC: Executive Office of the President of the United States.) The rate of drug-related murders declined from 1,302 in 1992 to 786 in 1997. (Ibid.) In 1997, 62.5 percent of the federal inmate population were sentenced for drug offenses, up from 53 percent in 1990. (Ibid.) The National Institute of Justice's Arrestee and Drug Abuse Monitoring drug-testing program found that more than 60 percent of adult male arrestees tested positive for drugs in 1997. (Ibid., 24) Researchers estimate that one-fourth to one-half of men who commit acts of domestic violence also have substance-abuse problems. (Ibid., 25) One-third of state prisoners and one in five federal prisoners said they had committed their current offense while under the influence of drugs. (Ibid.) A survey of state child welfare agencies by the National Committee to Prevent Child Abuse found substance abuse to be one of the top two problems exhibited by 81 percent of families reported for child maltreatment. (Ibid.) Note: OVC makes no representation concerning the accuracy of data from non-Department of Justice sources. Victims with Disabilities The FBI's Uniform Crime Reports show that in 1998, of the 9,235 reported bias- motivated offenses, twenty-seven were motivated by disability bias, fourteen of which were motivated by anti-physical disability bias and 13 by anti-mental disability bias. (Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). 17 October 1999. Crime in the United States, Uniform Crime Reports, 1998. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, 60.) Approximately 54 million Americans live with a wide variety of physical, cognitive, and emotional disabilities. (Tyiska, C. September 1998. "Working with Victims of Crime with Disabilities." Office for Victims of Crime Bulletin. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office for Victims of Crime.) Estimates indicate that at least 6 million serious injuries occur each year due to crime, resulting in either temporary or permanent disability. The National Rehabilitation Information Center has estimated that as much as 50 percent of patients who are long-term residents of hospitals and specialized rehabilitation centers are there due to crime-related injuries. (Ibid.) Children with any kind of disability are more than twice as likely as nondisabled children to be physically abused and almost twice as likely to be sexually abused. (Ibid., citing Petersilia, J. Report to the California Senate Public Safety Committee Hearings on Persons with Developmental Disabilities in the Criminal Justice System.) Research conducted by the National Center on Child Abuse and Neglect (NCCAN) in 1993 found that of all children who are abused, 17.2 percent had disabilities. Of all children who were sexually abused, 15.2 percent had disabilities. (Crosse, S., E. Kaye, and A. Ratnofsky. 1993. A Report on the Maltreatment of Children with Disabilities. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health, Administration for Children and Families, Administration on Child, Youth, and Families, National Center on Child Abuse and Neglect.) Of the children with maltreatment-related injuries, child protection case workers reported that maltreatment directly contributed to, or was likely to have led to, disabilities for 62 percent of the children who experienced sexual abuse, for 48 percent of children who experienced emotional abuse, and for 55 percent of children who experienced neglect. (Ibid.) Research consistently shows that women with disabilities, regardless of age, race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, or class, are assaulted, raped, and abused at a rate of two times greater than non-disabled women. (Sobsey, D. 1994. Violence and Abuse in the Lives of People with Disabilities. Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes; Cusitar, L. 1994. Strengthening the Links: Stopping the Violence. Toronto: DisAbled Women's Network (DAWN). The risk of being physically or sexually assaulted for adults with developmental disabilities is likely four to ten times as high as it is for other adults. (Sobsey, D., supra.) People with developmental and other severe disabilities represent at least 10 percent of the population of the United States. Of this population group: 1.8 percent of individuals have developmental disabilities; five percent of individuals have adult onset brain impairment; and 2.8 percent of the individuals have severe major mental disorders. (Sorenson, D. November 1996. "The Invisible Victim," The California Prosecutor, XIX (1).) Note: OVC makes no representation concerning the accuracy of data from non-Department of Justice sources. Workplace Violence and Crime In 1997 there were 856 homicides in the workplace, down from 927 in 1996. Of this number, 630 victims (74%) were wage and salary workers and 226 were self-employed (26%). (Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS). 1999. Sourcebook of Criminal Justice Statistics 1998. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, 298, table 3.145.) In 82 percent of workplace homicides in 1997, a firearm was used to kill the victim. The remaining murder victims were either stabbed (9%), beaten (5%), or killed with another type of weapon (4%). (Ibid.) One-half of victims of all victims killed in the workplace were between twenty-five and forty-four years of age. Twenty percent of victims were forty-five to fifty-four years of age; 14 percent were fifty-five to sixty-four years of age; 10 percent were sixteen to twenty-four years of age, and 6 percent were sixty-five and older. (Ibid.) In 1997, 85 percent of victims died during robberies of their workplace. Ten percent were killed by work associates (7 percent by current and former co-workers and 3 percent by clients) and the remaining 5 percent were killed by personal acquaintances (2 percent by husbands or ex-husbands, 1 percent by boyfriends, ex-boyfriends, and 2 percent by other family member. (Ibid.) Eighty-three percent of workplace violence victims in 1997 were male and 17 percent were female. Sixty-eight percent of these victims were white, 18 percent were black, 12 percent were Hispanic, and the remaining 4 percent were of other or unspecified races. (Ibid.) Of selected occupations examined from 1992 to 1996, law enforcement officers were the most vulnerable to be victims of workplace violence. Other occupations with high rates of victimization included private security guards, taxi drivers, prison and jail guards, and bartenders. (Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS). July 1999. Criminal Victimization 1998: Changes 1997-98 with Trends 1993-98. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.) Currently, one out of every six violent crimes experienced by U.S. residents age twelve or older occurs in the workplace, including 20.5 percent of all reported assaults, 10.8 percent of all reported rapes, and 6.5 percent of all reported robberies. (Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS). July 1998. "Workplace Violence, 1992-96: National Crime Victimization Survey." Special Report. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.) The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health reports that murder is the leading cause of death for women at work, and the third leading cause of death for men. (Office for Victims of Crime (OVC). 1998. New Directions from the Field: Victims' Rights and Services for the 21st Century. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.) Each year, between 1992 and 1996, more than 2 million U.S. residents were victims of a violent crime while they were at work or on duty. (Bureau of Justice Statistics. July 1998. Workplace Violence, 1992-96. From data gathered by the National Crime Victimization Survey. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.) More than 1,000 workplace homicides occurred annually between 1992 and 1996. (Ibid.) Accessing Information: OVC Resource Center and Other Services VICTIMS' RESOURCES IN THE INFORMATION AGE The development of new information technologies most notably the growth of the Internet has dramatically changed the way in which information about crime victims' issues is being made available to researchers, advocates, and practitioners. As recently as a dozen years ago, the availability of this information was greatly limited by the lack of centralized collection and distribution. Moreover, the form of the information was generally limited to paper documents that required considerable effort to locate and obtain. Today, however, victims and victim service providers can instantly access an enormous store of information specific to the entire range of their personal and professional concerns information that includes statistics; model programs and protocols; grant funding sources; and local, state, and national referrals to professional organizations in the victim-serving community. Importantly, this information is available wherever and whenever it is needed in homes, shelters and offices; in the middle of a trial; or in the middle of the night. For victims and victim service providers, this new information access begins with the Office for Victims of Crime Resource Center and the National Criminal Justice Reference Service. Established in accordance with recommendations of the 1982 President's Task Force on Victims of Crime, the United States Department of Justice's Office for Victims of Crime (OVC) serves as the chief advocate for our nation's crime victims, promoting fundamental rights and comprehensive services for victims of crime throughout the United States. OVC's information clearinghouse, the Office for Victims of Crime Resource Center (OVCRC), a component of the National Criminal Justice Reference Service (NCJRS), is on the forefront of these new information technologies, and is aggressively using them, as well as the NCJRS Catalog of publications and videotapes, to deliver timely and relevant information to the victim-serving community. Since coming "online" in 1994, NCJRS and OVCRC have developed a variety of online services to benefit the victim assistance professional World Wide Web page; Justice Information (JUSTINFO) Electronic Newsletter; and E-Mail Information and Help Line. Together with other electronic access features including telephone and online document ordering, and fax-on-demand NCJRS and OVCRC have truly made a "quantum leap" forward in fulfilling their mission of "bringing the right information to the right people . . . right now." ACCESSING NCJRS AND OVCRC ONLINE NCJRS Online can be accessed in the following ways: NCJRS World Wide Web Homepage. The homepage provides NCJRS information, as well as links to other criminal justice resources from around the world. The NCJRS Web page provides information about NCJRS and OJP agencies; grant-funding opportunities; full-text publications; key-word searching of NCJRS publications; access to the NCJRS Abstracts Database; the current NCJRS Catalog; and a topical index. The address for the NCJRS Homepage is . Justice Information (JUSTINFO) Electronic Newsletter. This free, online newsletter is distributed to your Internet e-mail address on the 1st and 15th of each month. JUSTINFO contains information concerning a wide variety of subjects, including news from all Office of Justice Programs (OJP) agencies and the Office of National Drug Control Policy; criminal justice resources on the Internet; criminal justice funding and program information; and announcements about new NCJRS products and services. To subscribe, send an e-mail to with the message subscribe justinfo [your name]. E-Mail: Information and Help. Users requiring technical assistance or having specific questions on criminal and juvenile justice topics can send an e-mail to . To place an order for publications, users may send an e-mail to . OTHER NCJRS ELECTRONIC INFORMATION SERVICES Fax-on-demand. NCJRS has established a "fax-on-demand" service that allows the user to obtain copies of selected NCJRS documents directly through their own fax machine, using a toll-free telephone number. To access the fax-on-demand menu, simply call 1-800-851-3420, and follow the prompts. CD-ROM and Online Access to the Abstracts Database. Users with CD-ROM capability can also obtain the NCJRS Abstracts Database on CD-ROM. This disc features citations and abstracts of more than 140,000 criminal justice books, research reports, journal articles, government documents, program descriptions, program evaluations, and training manuals contained in the NCJRS Research and Information Center library collection. The disc also contains search software that supports retrieval, using any combination of words to search individual fields or all fields globally. The disc can be searched using "free text" methods, or in combination with the National Criminal Justice Thesaurus. In addition, the NCJRS Abstracts Database is available on the NCJRS Homepage at . Details are available by calling NCJRS at (800) 851-3420. VICTIM-RELATED INTERNET SITES Crime victims and victim service providers have witnessed a remarkable growth in the amount of information available to them, through the continued development of the Internet especially the World Wide Web. Now, victim-serving agencies and advocacy organizations have the ability to reach around the corner or around the world with information about new issues, services, and promising practices designed to improve the welfare of victims of all types of crime. In an effort to present the most comprehensive and timely information available through this vast medium, the Office for Victims of Crime has substantially revised its World Wide Web homepage. OVC encourages crime victims and victim service providers alike to visit this comprehensive resource, located at . Many other agencies and organizations are now providing victim-related information through the World Wide Web. The following is a list of sites on the Web that contain information on selected crime victimization topics. Please note that this list is intended only to provide a sample of available resources, and does not constitute an endorsement of opinions, resources, or statements made therein. Federal Agencies/Resources Bureau of Justice Assistance (BJA) http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/BJA Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) http://bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov Community-Oriented Police Office (COPS) http://www.justice.gov/cops/ Dept. of Health and Human Services Grantsnet http://www.os.dhhs.gov/progorg/grantsnet/index.html Department of Justice http://www.justice.gov/ Department of the Solicitor General http://www.gov.nb.ca/solgen/index.htm FBI Uniform Crime Reports Statistical Data http://www.lib.virginia.edu/socsci/crime Federal Judicial Center http://www.fjc.gov/ Government Information Online, GovBot http://bacchus.fedworld.gov/Search_Online.html Higher Education Center for Alcohol and Other Drug Prevention http://www.edc.org/hec/ National Archive of Criminal Justice Data http://www.icpsr.umich.edu/NACJD/home.html National Domestic Violence Hotline http://www.justice.gov/vawo/newhotline..htm NCJRS Justice Information Center http://www.ncjrs.org National Institute of Corrections (NIC) http://www.bop.gov/nicpg/niccd.htm/ National Institute of Justice (NIJ) http://www.ncjrs.org/nijhome.htm Nonprofit Gateway http://www.nonprofit.gov Office of Justice Programs (OJP) http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov Office of Juvenile Justice Delinquency and Prevention http://www.ojjdp.ncjrs.org Office for Victims of Crime (OVC) http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/ovc/ Office of National Drug Control Policy Information Clearinghouse http://www.whitehousedrugpolicy.gov THOMAS: Federal Legislation http://thomas.loc.gov U.S. Department of Education - Campus Security and Safety http://www.ed.gov/offices/OPE/index.html U.S. Parole Commission http://www.justice.gov/uspc/parole.htm Violence Against Women's Office (VAWO) http://www.justice.gov/vawo/index.html Violence Against Women Grant Office (VAWGO) http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/vawgo/ National Victim-related Organizations American Bar Association Center on Children and the Law http://www.abanet.org/child/ American Professional Society on the Abuse of Children http://www.apsac.org/ Anti-Defamation League http://www.adl.org/hate-patrol/main.html Child Abuse Prevention Network http://child.cornell.edu Childhelp USA http://www.childhelpusa.org Childquest International http://www.childquest.org/ Concerns of Police Survivors (COPS) http://www.nationalcops.org Family Violence Prevention Fund http://www.fvpf.org/ Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD) http://www.madd.org National Alliance of Sexual Assault Coalitions http://www.connsacs.org/alliance.htm National Center for Missing and Exploited Children (NCMEC) http://www.missingkids.org National Center for Victims of Crime http://www.ncvc.org National Center on Elder Abuse http://www.gwjapan.com/NCEA/ National Children's Alliance http://www.nncac.org National Clearinghouse on Child Abuse and Neglect Information http://www.calib.com/nccanch National Coalition Against Domestic Violence http://www.ncadv.org National Coalition Against Sexual Assault (NCASA) http://www.ncasa.org National Coalition of Homicide Survivors http://www.mivictims.org National Commission Against Drunk Driving http://www.ncadd.com National Court Appointed Special Advocates (CASA) Association http://www.nationalcasa.org/ National Crime Victims Research and Treatment Center http://www.musc.edu/cvc/ National Fraud Information Center http://www.fraud.org National Insurance Crime Bureau http://www.nicb.org National Victims Constitutional Amendment Network (NVCAN) http://www.nvcan.org National Organization for Victim Assistance (NOVA) http://www.try-nova.org National Victim Assistance Academy (OVC) http:ojp.usdoj.gov/ovc/assist/vaa.html National Victim Assistance Academy (VALOR) http://www.nvaa.org Neighbors Who Care http://www.neighborswhocare.org Parents of Murdered Children (POMC) http://www.pomc.com Safe Campuses Now http://www.uga.edu/~safe-campus/ Security on Campus http://www.campussafety.org/ Victims' Assistance Legal Organization (VALOR) http://www.valor-national.org National Criminal Justice- and Public Policy-related Associations American Correctional Association (ACA) http://www.corrections.com/aca American Correctional Health Services Association http://www.corrections.com/achsa/ American Jail Association (AJA) http://www.corrections.com/aja American Probation and Parole Association (APPA) http://www.appa-net.org Association of State Correctional Administrators (ASCA) http://www.asca.net Center for Restorative Justice & Peacemaking http://ssw.che.umn.edu/rjp/default.html Correctional Education Association http://metalab.unc.edu/icea Council of State Governments (CSG) http://www.csg.org International Association of Campus Law Enforcement Administrators (IACLEA) http://www.iaclea.org/ National Association of Counties (NACo) http://www.naco.org National Center for State Courts (NSSC) http://www.ncsc.dni.us National Conference of State Legislatures (NCSL) http://www.ncsl.org National Consortium for Justice Information and Statistics http://www.search.org National Council of Juvenile and Family Court Judges http://www.ncjfcj.unr.edu/ National Criminal Justice Association (NCJA) http://sso.org/ncja/ncja/htm National Governors Association http//www.nga.org/ National Judicial College http://www.judges.org National Juvenile Detention Association http://www.corrections.com/njda/top.html National Indian Justice Center http://www.nijc.indian.com/ National Sheriffs Association http://www.sheriffs.org/ Office of Correctional Education http://www.ed.gov/offices.OVAE/OCE/ Restorative Justice Project http://www.fresno.edu/dept/pacs/rjp.html Southern Poverty Law Center http://splcenter.org Victim Offender Mediation Association (VOMA) http://www.voma.org/ State-level VOCA Victim Assistance Agencies & Crime Victim Compensation Programs Alabama http://www.agencies.state.al.us/crimevictims/ Alaska http://www.dps.state.ak.us/vccb/ Arizona http://www.dps.state.az.us/voca/ Arkansas http://www.ag.state.ar.us/crimevictims/ California http://www.boc.cahwnet.gov/victims.htm Colorado http://cdpsweb.state.co.us/ovp/ovp.htm Connecticut http://www.jud.state.ct.us/ Delaware http://www.state.de.us/cjc/index.html Florida http://legal.firn.edu/victims/index.html Georgia http://www.ganet.org/cjcc Hawaii http://www.cpja.ag.state.hi.us Idaho http://www2.state.id.us/iic/index.htm Illinois http://www.ag.state.il.us/ Indiana http://www.state.in.us/cji/ Iowa http://www.state.ia.us/government/ag/cva.html Kansas http://www.ink.org/public/ksag/contents/crime/cvcbrochure.htm Louisiana http://www.cole.state.la.us/cvr.htm Maine http://www.state.me.us/ag/victim.htm Maryland http://www.dpscs.state.md.us/cicb/ Mississippi http://www.dfa.state.ms.us/crime/letter/letter1.html Missouri http://www.dolir.state.mo.us/wc/dolir6f.htm Montana http://www.doj.state.mt.us/whoweare.htm Nebraska http://www.nol.org/home/crimecom/ New Hampshire http://www.state.nh.us/nhdoj/index.html New Jersey http://www.state.nj.us/victims/ New Mexico http://www.state.nm.us/cvrc/ New York http://www.cvb.state.ny.us/ North Carolina http://www.nccrimecontrol.org/vjs/ Ohio http://www.ag.ohio.gov/crimevic/cvout.htm Oklahoma http://www.dac.state.ok.us/ Oregon http://www.doj.state.or.us/CrimeV/welcome1.htm Pennsylvania http:///www.pccd.state.pa.us/ Rhode Island http://www.state.ri.us/treas/vcfund.htm South Carolina http://www.state.sc.us/governor/ South Dakota http://www.state.sd.us/social/cvc/cvc.htm Tennessee http://www.treasury.state.tn.us/injury.htm Texas http://www.oag.state.tx.us/victims/victims.htm Utah http://www.crimevictim.state.ut.us/ Vermont http://www.ccvs.state.vt.us/ Virginia http://www.dcjs.state.va.us/victims/index.htm Washington http://www.wa.gov/lni/workcomp/cvc.htm West Virginia http://www.legis.state.wv.us/coc/victims/main.html Wisconsin http://www.doj.state.wi.us/cvs/cvc.htm Wyoming http://www.state.wy.us/~ag/victims/index.html Federal and State Corrections Federal Bureau of Prisons http://www.bop.gov Alaska Department of Correction http://www.correct.state.ak.us/ Alabama Department of Corrections http://agencies.state.al.us/doc/ Arizona Department of Correction http://www.adc.state.az.us:81/ Arkansas Department of Correction http://www.state.ar.us/doc/ California Department of Correction http://www.cdc.state.ca.us/ Colorado Department of Correction http://www.state.co.us/gov_dir/DOC_dir/index.html Connecticut Department of Correction http://www.state.ct.us/doc/ Delaware Department of Corrections http://www.state.de.us/correct Florida Department of Correction http://www.dc.state.fl.us/ Georgia Department of Correction http://www.ganet.org/corrections Hawaii Department of Public Safety http://www.hawaii.gov/icsd/psd/psd.html Idaho Department of Correction http://www.corr.state.id.us/ Illinois Department of Correction http://www.idoc.state.il.us/ Indiana Department of Correction http://www.ai.org/indcorrection/ Iowa Department of Correction http://www.sos.state.ia.us/register/r4/r4corre2.htm Kansas Department of Correction http://www.ink.org/public/kdoc/ Kentucky Justice Cabinet http://www.jus.state.ky.us/ Louisiana Commission on Law Enforcement & Criminal Justice http://www.cole.state.la.us/ Maine Department of Correction http://janus.state.me.us/corrections/homepage.htm Maryland Department of Correction http://www.dpscs.state.md.us/doc/ Massachusetts Department of Correction http://www.magnet.state.ma.us/doc/ Michigan Department of Correction http://www.state.mi.us/mdoc/ Minnesota Department of Corrections http://www.corr.state.mn.us/ Mississippi Department of Corrections http://www.mdoc.state.ms.us/ Missouri Department of Corrections http://www.corrections.state.mo.us/ Montana Department of Corrections http://www.state.mt.us/cor Nebraska Department of Correctional Services http://www.corrections.state.ne.us/ Nevada Department of Corrections http://www.state.nv.us/inprog.htm New Hampshire Department of Corrections http://www.state.nh.us/doc/nhdoc.html New Jersey State Department of Correction http://www.state.nj.us/corrections New Mexico Department of Correction http://www.state.nm.us/corrections/ New York State Department of Correctional Services http://www.docs.state.ny.us/ New York City Department of Correction http://www.ci.nyc.ny.us/html/doc/ North Carolina Department of Correction http://www.doc.state.nc.us/ Ohio Department of Rehabilitation and Correction http://www.drc.ohio.gov/ Oregon Department of Correction http://www.doc.state.or.us/ Oklahoma Department of Correction http://www.doc.state.ok.us/ Pennsylvania Department of Correction http://www.cor.state.pa.us/ Rhode Island Department of Correction http://www.doc.state.ri.us/ South Carolina Department of Correction http://www.state.sc.us/scdc/ South Dakota Department of Correctionhttp://www.state.sd.us/state/executive/corrections/corrections.html Tennessee Department of Correction http://www.state.tn.us/correction Texas Department of Correction http://www.tdcj.state.tx.us/ Utah Department of Correction http://www.cr.ex.state.ut.us/home.htm Vermont Criminal Justice Services http://170.222.24.9/cjs/index.html Virginia Department of Correction http://www.cns.state.va.us/doc/ Washington State Department of Correction http://access.wa.gov/ West Virginia Division Of Corrections http://www.state.wv.us/wvdoc/default.htm Wisconsin Department of Correction http://www.wi-doc.com/ Wyoming Department of Correction http://www.state.wy.us/~corr/corrections.html State Coalitions and Related Resources Iowa Organization for Victim Assistance (IOVA) http://www.netins.net/showcase/i_weaver/iova/ Michigan Crime Victim Rights http://www.gop.senate.state.mi.us/cvr/ Missouri Victim Assistance Network http://www.mova.missouri.org/ New York: Victim Services Agency http://www.victimservices.org North Carolina: Citizens Against Violent Crime (CAVE) http://www.webserve.net/iandi/org/cave South Carolina Victim Assistance Network http://www.scvan.org/ Texans for Equal Justice http://www.tej.lawandorder.com/index.htm Other Victim Resources Action Without Borders - Nonprofit Directory http://www.idealist.org Alliance for Justice http://www.afj.org American Humane Association http://www.americanhumane.org APA - American Psychological Association http://www.apa.org/ Trauma-related Stress http://www.apa.org/ptsd.html http://www.apa.org/kids.html Cecil Greek's Criminal Justice Page http://www.fsu.edu/~crimdo/law.html Children's Institute International http://www.childrensinstitute.org/ Communities Against Violence Network (CAVNET) http://www.asksam.com/cavnet/ The Compassionate Friends http://www.compassionatefriends.com/ Corporate Alliance to End Partner Violence http://www.caepv.org/main.htm Elder Abuse Prevention http://www.oaktrees.org/elder International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies http://www.istss.org/ Jewish Women International http://www.jewishwomen.org/ Justice for All http://www2.jfa.net/jfa/ MSU Victims and the Media Program http://www.journalism.msu.edu/victmed/ National Coalition of Homicide Survivors http://www.mivictims.org/nchs/ Out of the Blue (Domestic Violence in the Jewish Community) http://members.aol.com/blue10197/index.html Post Trauma Resources http://www.posttrauma.com Rape, Abuse, and Incest National Network (RAINN) http://www.rainn.org/ Rape Recovery Help and Information http://www.geocities.com/HotSprings/2402/ Safe Campuses Now http://www.uga.edu/~safe-campus/front.html Search Yahoo for Victims' Rights http://www.yahoo.com/Society_and_Culture/Crime/ Victims__Rights/ Sexual Assault Information Page http://www.cs.utk.edu/~bartley/saInfoPage.html The Stalking Victim's Sanctuary http://www.stalkingvictims.com/ Stephanie Roper Committee and Foundation http://www.stephanieroper.org Victim Assistance Online http://www.vaonline.org Violence Policy Center http://www.vpc.org Workplace Violence Research Institute http://www.noworkviolence.com/ Legal Research/Resources Findlaw http://www.findlaw.com/ State Law and Legislative Information http://www.washlaw.edu/ U.S. Supreme Court Decisions http://supct.law.cornell.edu/supct/ News Resources Am. Journalism Review Newslink http://www.newslink.org/ News Index http://newsindex.com Newspapers Online http://www.newspapers.com Special thanks is extended to Steve Derene, Program Manger for the Office of Crime Victim Services at the Wisconsin Department of Justice, and Promising Strategies and Practices in Using Technology to Benefit Crime Victims, sponsored by the National Center for Victims of Crime with support from the Office for Victims of Crime, U.S. Department of Justice, for providing much of the Web site information included in this section. NCVRW Resource Guide Co-Sponsors American Correctional Association, Victims Committee 4380 Forbes Boulevard Phone: 301-918-1800/800-ACA-JOIN Lanham, MD 20706-4332 Fax: 301-918-1900 Contac t: Trudy Gregorie and Chiquita Sipos, Co-chairs Website: http://www.corrections.com/aca American Probation and Parole Association c/o The Council of State Governments Phone: 606-244-8215 P.O. Box 11910 Fax: 606-244-8001 Lexington, KY 40578-1910 Website: http://www.appa-net.org Contac t: Tracy Godwin, Victim Services Specialist E-mail: tgodwin@csg.org California State University-Fresno, Center for Victim Studies 2225 East San Ramon Avenue Phone: 559-278-4021 Fresno, California 93740-0104 Fax: 559-278-7265 Contac t: Steven D. Walker, Ph.D., Director E-mail: stevend@csufresno.edu Center for the Study of Crime Victims' Rights, Remedies, and Resources University of New Haven Phone: 203-932-7041 300 Orange Avenue Fax: 203-931-6030 West Haven, CT 06516 E-mail: mgaboury@charger.newhaven.e du Contac t: Mario Thomas Gaboury, J.D., Ph.D., Director Childhelp USA/Virginia 311 Park Avenue Phone: 703-241- 9100 Falls Church, VA 22046 Fax: 703-241-9105 Contac t: Iris Beckwith, Director Website: www.childhelpva.org Abuse Prevention Programs National Headquarters: Phone: 480-922-8212 Childhelp USA Fa x: 480-922-7061 15757 North 78th Street Hotline: 800-4-A-CHILD Scottsdale, AZ 85260 TDD: 800-2-A-CHILD Contac t: Chuck Bolte, Executive Director Website: http://www.childhelpusa.org Concerns of Police Survivors Phone: 573-346-4911 P.O. Box 3199 Fax: 573-346-1414 Camdenton, MO 65020 Website: http://www.nationalcops.org Contac t: Suzanne F. Sawyer, Executive Director E-mail: cops@nationalcops.org Family Violence Prevention Fund Phone: 415-252-8900/800-End-Abuse 383 Rhode Island Street, Suite 304 Fax: 415-252-8991 San Francisco, CA 94103-5133 Website: http://www.fvpf.org Contac t: Michelle Kipper E-mail: fund@fvpf.org Mothers Against Drunk Driving 511 E. John Carpenter Frwy., Suite 700 Phone: 800-438-MADD Irving, TX 75062-8187 Fax: 214-869-2206/2207 Contac t: Stephanie Frogge, National Director Website: http://www.madd.org Victim Services National Association of Crime Victim Compensation Boards P.O. Box 16003 Phone/Fax: 703-370-2996 Alexandria, VA 22302 Contac t: Dan Eddy, Executive Director National Center on Elder Abuse Phone: 202-898-2586 1225 I Street NW, Suite 725 Fax: 202-898-2583 Washington, DC 20005 Website: http://www.gwjapan.com/NCE A Contac t: Sara Aravanis, Director E-mail: ncea@nasua.org National Center for Missing & Exploited Children Charles B. Wang International Children's Building Phone: 703-274-3900/800-843-5678 699 Prince Street TDD: 800-826-7653 (Hotline) Alexandria, VA 22314-3175 Fax: 703-274-2220 Contac t: Sherry Bailey Websit e: http://www.missingkids.co m National Center for Victims of Crime 2111 Wilson Boulevard, Suite 300 Phone: 703-276-2880/800-FYI-CALL Arlington, VA 22201 Fax: 703-276-2889 Contac t: Susan Herman, Executive Director Website: http://www.ncvc.org National Children's Alliance 1319 F Street, N.W., Suite 1001 Phone: 202-639-0597/800-239-9950 Washington, DC 20004 Fax: 202-639-0511 Contac t: Nancy Chandler, Executive Director Website: http://www.nncac.org National Coalition Against Domestic Violence P.O. Box 18749 Phone: 303-839-1852 Denver, CO 80218 Fax: 303-831- 9251 Contac t: Rita Smith, Executive Director Website: http://www.ncadv.org For legislative information: 119 Constitution Avenue NE Washington, DC 20002 Phone: 202-544-7358 Contac t: Juley Fulcher Fax: 202-544-7893 National Coalition Against Sexual Assault Phone: 717-728-9764 125 North Enola Drive, Suite 205 Fax: 717-728-9781 Enola, PA 17025 Website: http://www.ncasa.org National Crime Prevention Council Phone: 202-466-6272 1700 K Street, NW, Second Floor Fax: 202-296-1356 Washington, DC 20006- 3817 Website: http://www.ncpc.org National Crime Victims Research and Treatment Center Medical University of South Carolina 165 Cannon Street Phone: 843-792-2945 Charleston, SC 29425-0742 Fax: 843-792-3388 Contac t: Dean G. Kilpatrick, Ph.D., Director Website: http://www.musc.edu/cvc/ National District Attorneys Association 99 Canal Center Plaza, Suite 510 Phone: 703-549-9222 Alexandria, VA 22314-1588 Fax: 703-836-3195 Contac t: Newman Flanagan, Director Website: http://www.ndaa-apri.org National Organization for Victim Assistance Phone: 202-232-6682/ 1757 Park Road, NW 800-TRY-NOVA Washington, DC 20010 Fax: 202-462-2255 Contac t: Marlene A. Young, Ph.D., J.D. Website: http://www.try-nova.org Executive Director The National Resource Center on Domestic Violence 6400 Flank Drive, Suite 1300 Phone: 800-537-2238 Harrisburg, PA 17112-2778 TTY: 800-553-2508 Kathleen Krenek, Director Fax: 717-545-9456 Neighbors Who Care P.O. Box 16079 Phone: 703-904-7311 Washington, D.C. 20041 Fax: 703-478-0452 Contac t: Lisa Barnes Lampman Website: http://www.neighborswhocare.o rg Parents of Murdered Children 100 East Eighth Street, Suite B-41 Phone: 513-721-5683/888-818-POMC Cincinnati, OH 45202 Fax: 513-345-4489 Contac t: Nancy Ruhe-Munch, Executive Director Website: http://www.pomc.com Police Executive Research Forum 1120 Connecticut Avenue, NW, Suite 930 Phone: 202-466-7820 Washington, DC 20036 Fax: 202-466- 7826 Contac t: Cliff Karchmer Website: http://www.PoliceForum.org The Spiritual Dimension in Victim Services P.O. Box 821 Phone: 843-722-0082 Charleston, SC 29402 Fax: 843-723-8422 Contac t: Scott Beard, Executive Director E-mail: SBeardPAR@aol.com Stephanie Roper Committee and Foundation Phone: 301-952-0063/877-VICTIM-1 14750 Main Street, 1B Fax: 301-952-2319 Upper Marlboro, MD 20772 Website: www.stephanieroper.org Roberta Roper, Director E-mail: srcf@digizen.net Victims' Assistance Legal Organization (VALOR) Phone: 703-748-0811 8181 Greensboro Drive, Suite 1070 Fax: 703-356-5085 McLean, VA 22101-3823 Website: http://www.valor-national.org Contac t: Morna A. Murray, J.D., Executive Director E-mail: valorinc@erols.com Resource Guide Evaluation Please take a moment to let the Victims' Assistance Legal Organization (VALOR) and Office for Victims of Crime know if the 2000 National Crime Victims' Rights Week Resource Guide was useful to you and your organization. Check the appropriate boxes in the following chart, and also let us know any ideas you have that could be utilized in the 2001 Resource Guide. RESOURCE GUIDE COMPONENT EXTREMELY HELPFUL SOMEWHAT HELPFUL NOT AT ALL HELPFUL Statistical Overviews Accessing Information: OVC Resource Center and Other Services Sample Proclamation Sample Press Release Sample Public Service Announcements Sample Opinion/Editorial Column Twenty Tips for Community Outreach Poster Buttons Bookmarks Logos NCVRW Letterhead Cover/Title Page Crime Victim Resources Brochure Sample Certificate of Appreciation National Toll-free Information and Referral Telephone Numbers Crime Victims' Rights in America: An Historical Overview Victims' Rights Constitutional Amendments Sample Speech Sample Sermon Notable Quotables Please share your comments and ideas for improving or expanding the National Crime Victims' Rights Week Resource Guide and attach examples of your community's activities for 2000 National Crime Victims' Rights Week. Return this evaluation form to: Morna Murray, Executive Director VALOR, 8180 Greensboro Drive, Suite 1070, McLean, VA 22102 FAX: 703-356-5085 E-mail: valorinc@erols.com Thank you for your assistance in evaluating the 2000 National Crime Victims' Rights Week Resource Guide!