Drug Use Forecasting (DUF) 1994 Annual Report. Series: NIJ Published: November 1995 58 pages 101,152 bytes Drug Use Forecasting 1994 ANNUAL REPORT ON ADULT AND JUVENILE ARRESTEES New Features o Adult and juvenile data o Drug use patterns for specific offenses A Program of the National Institute of Justice ------------------------------ ------------------------------ U.S. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs National Institute of Justice Jeremy Travis Director Thomas E. Feucht Project Director NCJ 157644 The National Institute of Justice is a component of the Office of Justice Programs, which also includes the Bureau of Justice Assistance, Bureau of Justice Statistics, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, and the Office for Victims of Crime. ------------------------------ From the Director of NIJ The DUF data collected for 1994 indicate that the drug of choice among both male and female arrestees continues to be cocaine: the percentage using it is higher than for any other substance tested. For adult females and juvenile males, there was even a slight increase. This news may be disheartening, but further analysis gives us cause for some optimism. Among male arrestees, the rate of cocaine use dropped slightly in 1994. Of the 13 sites where declines were noted, 4 reported a decline of at least 5 percent. With crack cocaine so strongly identified as a factor in the upsurge of youth violence in the past decade, this evidence of decreased use comes as good news. These encouraging results should not obscure the picture that DUF has revealed since the program's inception in 1987: substance abuse is pervasive among people involved in the criminal justice system. That some two-thirds of arrestees, male and female, were found positive for at least one drug in 1994 is ample evidence. Nor should declining drug use in the general population allow us to lose sight of the severity of the problem among this particular subset. In this report NIJ introduces a change in the way some of the DUF data is presented. For the first time, drug test results for arrestees are provided by type of offense, making it possible to see which crimes tend to be associated with which specific illicit substances. Increasingly, the DUF program is serving as a platform on which to conduct other research related to substance abuse. A recent DUF-sponsored study examined the issue of firearms availability, finding it widespread among arrestees, particularly young people. The study indicates how uses of the DUF program can be expanded to provide insights into other crime-related issues. Jeremy Travis NIJ Director ------------------------------ Table of Contents From the Director of NIJ 1994 Results for Adult Arrestees and Juvenile Arrestees/Detainees Methodology Adult Site Pages Atlanta Birmingham Chicago Cleveland Dallas Denver Detroit Ft. Lauderdale Houston Indianapolis Los Angeles Manhattan Miami New Orleans Omaha Philadelphia Phoenix Portland St. Louis San Antonio San Diego San Jose Washington, D.C. Juvenile Site Pages Birmingham Cleveland Denver Indianapolis Los Angeles Phoenix Portland St. Louis San Antonio San Diego San Jose Washington, D.C. Guide to DUF Site Data Tables ------------------------------ 1994 DUF Annual Report on Drug Use Among Arrestees In 1994, the DUF program collected data from 20,015 adult male booked arrestees at 23 sites in major metropolitan areas across the United States. Data from 7,839 adult female booked arrestees were collected at 21 of these sites. In addition, 12 sites collected data from 4,558 juvenile male arrestees/detainees.1 The 1994 DUF Annual Report differs from previous DUF reports in one important respect. Whereas prior reports showed only the frequency distribution of offense at arrest, this report includes urinalysis results (percentages positive for cocaine, marijuana, or any drug) by offense at arrest. The number of cases in a particular offense category is small for some sites. However, the overall distribution of urinalysis results by offense at arrest helps to illuminate the drugs-crime nexus in a new way. Information about the categorization of offense at arrest is provided in the Guide to the DUF site data tables below. Drug Use Among Adult Male Arrestees o In general, the 1994 data for adult male arrestees reveal somewhat lower rates of cocaine use, increased rates of marijuana use, and largely unchanged rates of opiate use. o At most sites, cocaine remained the most prevalent drug used by male arrestees. In a pattern that is consistent with DUF data from previous years, the percentage of male arrestees testing positive for cocaine was consistently higher than the percentage testing positive for marijuana. Rates of marijuana use exceeded cocaine use at only five sites, compared with seven sites in 1993 and only two sites in 1992. Use of marijuana: o Eleven of the 23 sites reported an increased percentage of arrestees testing positive for marijuana, with increases of 5 percent or more at 3 sites. Eleven sites reported lower percentages, but no rate declined by more than 3 or 4 percent. Rates of marijuana use continued the slight upward trend noted in 1993. The median rate across sites increased from 26 percent in 1992 to 28 percent in 1993 to 30 percent in 1994. Urinalysis results for marijuana in 1994 ranged from 20 to 44 percent, compared with a range of 21 to 42 percent for 1993. The greatest increases in marijuana use were reported among the youngest adult arrestees; these results are discussed in detail later in this report. Use of cocaine: o The percentage of adult male arrestees testing positive for cocaine decreased slightly in 1994, although cocaine remained the most commonly used drug among male arrestees. Rates of cocaine use decreased at 13 of the 23 sites from 1993 to 1994; only 6 sites reported higher rates of cocaine use. Four sites reported a drop of at least 5 percent: Dallas, Houston, Miami, and San Diego. Only two sites--Omaha and Indianapolis--reported increases of 5 percent or more. The outliers that constitute the range of values across sites changed only slightly (19 to 66 percent in 1993 compared with 19 to 68 percent in 1994), while the median rate fell from 43 percent in 1993 to 41 percent in 1994. Use of opiates: o Use of opiates showed little change among male arrestees and remained at relatively low levels. Overall rates of opiate use showed little change from 1993, and rates at specific sites fluctuated only slightly. Ten sites reported lower rates, five sites reported increases, and eight sites reported no change. The range and median rate remained virtually unchanged, with a low rate of 1 percent, a high of 28 percent (in Chicago, which reported a rate of 27 percent in 1993), and a median rate of 6 percent. Opiate use is clearly linked to the age of arrestees: at 14 of the 23 sites, those age 36 and older had higher rates of opiate use than any other age group. Use of at least one drug: o In 1994, 13 of the 23 sites reported an increase in the percentage of male arrestees testing positive for at least 1 drug, and the median increased to 66 percent from 63 percent in 1993. The percentage of male arrestees testing positive for any of the 10 illicit drugs included in the DUF survey ranged from 48 to 82 percent, slightly wider than the range reported for 1993 (54 to 81 percent). However, the median increased by 3 percentage points, establishing a trend that began in 1992, when the median rate was 60 percent. Drug Use Among the Youngest Adult Male Arrestees Drug use among adult male arrestees ages 15 to 20 continued in a pattern first noted in the 1993 data. (See the Guide to the DUF Site Data Tables below regarding the interpretation of age categories used in this report.) o At all 23 sites, male arrestees ages 15 to 20 had the lowest rates of cocaine use. o Eighteen of the 23 sites reported that the rate of marijuana use among male arrestees ages 15 to 20 was higher than the rate for any other age group. Cocaine use among the youngest adult male arrestees ranged from 9 to 38 percent, with a median rate of 21 percent. Among older male arrestees, the rate of cocaine use ranged from 21 to 74 percent, with a median of 44 percent. Similarly, opiate use was generally lower for the youngest adult male arrestees. For marijuana, however, rates were highest among the youngest adult arrestees. Across the sites, marijuana use among 15- to 20-year-old male arrestees ranged from 26 to 66 percent, with a median rate of 49 percent. Among older male arrestees, rates ranged from 18 to 42 percent, with a median of 26 percent. This difference in rates was established in the 1993 data, though rates among the youngest male arrestees have increased slightly in the past year. (In 1993, rates of marijuana use among 15- to 20-year-old male arrestees ranged from 30 to 60 percent, with a median of 44 percent.) The percentage of adult male arrestees ages 15 to 20 testing positive for at least one drug was somewhat lower than the rate for older arrestees. Percentages positive for at least one drug among 15- to 20-year-old arrestees ranged from 50 to 73 percent, with a median rate of 60 percent. Among all older male arrestees, rates ranged from 47 to 84 percent, with a median of 66 percent. Drug Use Among Adult Female Arrestees Data on a total of 7,839 adult female booked arrestees were collected at 21 sites during 1994. (Data from 20 sites were included in the 1993 DUF Annual Report on Adult Arrestees. Presented for the first time in 1994 are adult female arrestee data from Omaha.) o Adult female arrestees showed a slight increase in cocaine use and relatively unchanged rates of marijuana and opiate use. o Cocaine remained the most widely used drug among adult female arrestees. At all but one site, San Diego, the percentage of female arrestees testing positive for cocaine was higher than the percentage testing positive for marijuana. In many cases, the rate of cocaine use was at least double the rate of marijuana use, a pattern consistent with the 1993 data. Use of marijuana: o Marijuana use among adult female arrestees remained largely unchanged from 1993 to 1994. Rates of use in 1994 ranged from 7 to 28 percent, with a median rate of 17 percent. These rates were considerably lower than those for male arrestees. Compared with rates in 1993, rates of marijuana use in 1994 were higher at 8 sites and lower at 11 sites. Changes of greatest magnitude tended to be downward, with three sites--Manhattan, New Orleans, and San Diego--reporting decreases of 5 or more percentage points and only a single site-- Birmingham--reporting an increase of at least 5 percent. Use of cocaine: o In 1994, the percentage of adult female arrestees testing positive for cocaine increased slightly and cocaine remained the most common drug used, with rates typically higher than those for adult male arrestees. Both the range and the median rate of cocaine use increased slightly from 1993 to 1994. The range was from 18 to 80 percent, compared with a range of 19 to 70 percent in 1993. The median rate in 1994 rose to 50 percent from 46 percent in 1993. Rates of cocaine use increased at 9 sites and decreased at 10 sites, and many of these increases and decreases were of substantial magnitude. Increases of 5 percentage points or more were reported at six sites; the largest increase over 1993 was 20 percent, reported in Indianapolis. Decreases of 5 percentage points or more were reported at seven sites, with the largest drops, 18 and 12 percent, occurring in Detroit and New Orleans, respectively. Use of opiates: o Use of opiates showed little change among female arrestees but remained generally higher than use by male arrestees. Overall rates of use showed little change from 1993. Seven sites reported increases and nine sites reported decreases. Opiate use rates ranged from 2 to 30 percent, compared with 3 to 23 percent in 1993. The median rate in 1994 was 8 percent, compared with 9 percent the previous year. Among the various age groups, a general tendency was found toward higher rates of use among older age brackets, with 17 sites reporting that the highest age-specific rate was for arrestees ages 36 and over. Use of at least one drug: o Overall drug use, as indicated by the use of at least one drug, remained largely unchanged from 1993 to 1994. In 1994, 10 sites reported an increase in the percentage of female arrestees testing positive for at least one drug, whereas 9 reported lower rates in 1994. The range of rates across sites widened slightly (32 to 90 percent in 1994, compared with 42 to 83 percent in 1993), but the median rate was essentially unchanged at 67 percent. Drug Use Among the Youngest Adult Female Arrestees o Among adult female arrestees ages 15 to 20, use of marijuana is very common, while the use of cocaine and other drugs is fairly limited. Female arrestees in this age group recorded rates of marijuana use higher than all other age groups at 14 of the 21 sites, but this age group also recorded the lowest rates of cocaine use at 18 sites. In 1994, the overall percentage of 15- to 20-year- old female arrestees testing positive for at least one drug--23 to 68 percent--was generally lower than the rate for older arrestees--33 to 91 percent. The range of cocaine use among these youngest female arrestees was 0 to 53 percent, compared with 19 to 82 percent for older arrestees. For marijuana, however, the range for the youngest arrestees was 16 to 45 percent, whereas the range for older arrestees was 6 to 25 percent. Opiate use continued to be less common than cocaine or marijuana use among these youngest arrestees, ranging from 0 to 29 percent.2 Drug Use Among Juvenile Male Arrestees/Detainees o In general, data for juvenile male arrestees/detainees showed a continued dramatic increase in marijuana use (an increase that was first noted in the 1993 DUF annual report on juvenile arrestees/detainees), a slight increase in the rate of cocaine use, and a continued very low rate of opiate use. Influenced largely by the increased use of marijuana, rates for any drug also increased markedly. o Marijuana remained the most prevalent drug used by juvenile male arrestees/ detainees, exceeding cocaine by a wide margin at all sites. Eleven of the 12 juvenile sites reported increased rates of marijuana use among male juvenile arrestees/detainees, continuing a broad trend established in 1993, when all 12 sites reported increases in marijuana use. Eight sites reported increases of 5 percent or more over 1993 rates, and five of these sites reported increases of 10 percent or more. (See the chart on the back cover for marijuana trends over the past 3 years.) o There was a slight upward trend in the percentage of juvenile male arrestees/detainees testing positive for cocaine, though cocaine use remained much less common among juvenile arrestees/detainees than use of marijuana. Rates for cocaine use increased at eight sites and decreased at four sites. The median percentage positive across the sites rose to 8.5 percent, up from 6.5 percent in 1993. Drug use and school attendance: On each site data page for juvenile arrestees/detainees, urinalysis results are presented by correlation to school attendance. (See the Guide to DUF Site Tables below for an explanation of how school attendance was measured.) These data reveal important information about the relationship between drug use and school attendance. The proportion of arrestees/detainees who reported attending school ranged from 65 to 90 percent (excluding graduates), figures that are comparable to results for 1993. o At 11 of 12 sites, the percentage of juvenile arrestees/detainees not in school testing positive for cocaine was higher than the percentage among those in school. o The rate of cocaine use among those not attending school was up to 3.7 times as high as the rate among those who reported attending school. o Marijuana use tended to be slightly higher among juveniles not attending school--up to 2.2 times higher than the rate among those who reported attending school. Of particular interest is the percentage positive for cocaine and marijuana use among juveniles not in school compared with the percentage positive for those in school. For both drugs, rates tended to be higher among those not in school. However, cocaine use distinguished the two groups more than marijuana use. Sharp increases over 1993 in the use of marijuana and cocaine was reported for both groups at most sites. Drug Use Related to the Offense at Arrest Researchers have identified links between drug use and several specific categories of crime. Many studies have linked drug use to particular income- generating crimes such as robbery, burglary, or prostitution. Others have focused on the connection between drug use and violent crime. Researchers frequently rely on self-reports for measuring drug use and other criminal activity. Data from the DUF program, however, provide a unique assessment of these behaviors because they contain an objective measure of drug use (urinalysis) and because they focus on arrestees/detainees apprehended for specific offenses. At the same time, DUF data have certain limitations for positing a relationship between drug use and other criminal activity. In particular, the DUF urinalysis reveals evidence of drug use within the hours prior to arrest (for most drugs) and cannot be universally interpreted as evidence of drug use at the time of an alleged offense. This is because arrest may occur days or weeks after the alleged offense was committed. The data are further complicated by the possibility that an arrestee may be booked for several offenses. Only the most serious offense is currently recorded in the DUF data, and this offense may be unrelated to the arrestee's use of drugs.3 Finally, an alleged offense at arrest may or may not adequately characterize an individual's typical criminal activities or the full range of his or her criminal activities. Data in this report on adult and juvenile offense at arrest is presented for four broad categories (five for female arrestees) and for specific offenses within each category. Offense at arrest is taken from the official arrest register at the site. (See the Guide to the Site Data Tables below for a description of the categorization of offenses.) Urinalysis results are reported by offense categories for each site. A thorough examination of the relationship between drug use and offense at arrest requires a multivariate model that controls for a host of other factors including age, ethnicity, and site differences. NIJ is planning a comprehensive analysis of these data for a later publication. Conclusions As a number of law enforcement professionals and drug use experts have reported, marijuana use is increasing across the country. For the second year in a row, broad increases in the level of marijuana use among juvenile arrestees/detainees were reported at nearly all juvenile DUF sites. Young adult arrestees--both male and female--also showed significant increases in marijuana use. This increase has occurred just as many sites are reporting a slight downturn in cocaine use, especially among adult male arrestees. Because adult male arrestees ages 15 to 20 are already among the least likely to test positive for cocaine, it is tempting to forecast a cohort effect that will result in a continued overall decline in cocaine rates as these cohorts age. Unfortunately, the 1994 juvenile DUF data temper this forecast somewhat: cocaine use was higher in 1994 at 8 of 12 sites. This trend, coupled with high rates of marijuana use, raises questions concerning the relatedness of cocaine use and marijuana use. For instance, to what extent does marijuana use serve as a gateway to cocaine use? To what degree do marijuana and cocaine markets overlap, exposing marijuana users to sources of other drugs? Although the data presented here cannot answer these questions completely, they give dramatic testimony to the need for a continued focus on the extensive use of drugs among persons entering the criminal justice system. Particular attention must be given to juveniles and young adults. As succeeding cohorts of young persons wrestle with the decision of whether to use drugs, our cities and neighborhoods continue to face the consequences of their decisions. Over the next decade, as the number of teenagers grows in proportion to the general population, drug use and its attendant delinquency may exact an even greater cost from society. 1 Eight sites gathered data on juvenile female arrestees/detainees. Because these samples were typically very small, these data are not presented. 2 Small sample sizes at some sites limits the statistical significance of some age-specific rates. Sample size is reported on each site data page. 3 In July 1995, a revised DUF interview form was implemented that will capture information on multiple offenses at arrest. ------------------------------ Methodology Each quarter, trained local DUF staff obtain voluntary and anonymous urine specimens and interviews from adult arrestees and juvenile arrestees/detainees who have been in a booking facility for not more than 48 hours. Data and urine samples are collected at selected booking facilities throughout the United States. At each of the 23 adult sites, approximately 225 adult males are interviewed each quarter. In all except 2 sites, approximately 100 adult females are also sampled. At 12 of these sites, data and samples are collected each quarter for approximately 100 juvenile male arrestees/detainees. Ten of these sites also collect data on female juvenile arrestees/detainees. However, given the small sample size of DUF female juvenile arrestees/detainees, these data are not presented here. Response rates for both adults and juveniles are consistently high. More than 90 percent of the total sample consent to be interviewed and over 80 percent agree to provide a urine specimen. Adult arrestees are selected at the discretion of site personnel, who are guided by a target sample size and crime charge priority system. To obtain samples of adult male arrestees with a sufficient distribution of serious arrest charges, DUF interviewers, where possible, place a priority on felony arrestees and those arrested for offenses other than the sale or possession of drugs. Analyses have shown that those arrested for drug offenses are more likely than other arrestees to be using drugs; as a result, DUF statistics are likely minimum estimates of drug use among the population of those adults arrested for serious offenses. With the exception of Omaha, where all arrestees are included to obtain a sample of sufficient size, males charged with driving offenses generally are excluded from the sample due to DUF's emphasis on more serious crimes. Because they are fewer in number, all adult female arrestees and all juvenile male and female arrestees/detainees brought to the booking center during the data collection period are included in the DUF sample, regardless of the charge. At most sites, adult and juvenile catchment areas are identical. In 10 adult sites, the catchment area is the entire city. In another 10 adult sites and in 9 of 12 juvenile sites, it is the entire county or parish. (The city of Denver is Denver County in its entirety.) However, in Birmingham and San Diego, the catchment area includes the city and part of the county. In St. Louis and Washington, D.C., it is only the city, excluding the surrounding county, and in Los Angeles it comprises parts of the city and county. All urine specimens are sent to a central laboratory for analysis for 10 drugs: cocaine, opiates, marijuana, PCP, methadone, benzodiazepines, methaqualone, propoxphene, barbiturates, and amphetamines. All positive results for amphetamines are confirmed by gas chromatography to eliminate those caused only by over-the-counter medications. For most drugs, urinalysis can detect use within the previous 2 to 3 days; use of marijuana and PCP can sometimes be detected several weeks after use. ------------------------------ Atlanta Catchment Area: Entire city. DUF Sample Size Males: 752 Females: 322 Age of Booked Arrestees (%) Age Males Females 15-20 15 9 21-25 15 16 26-30 14 22 31-35 21 21 36+ 35 30 Race of Booked Arrestees (%) Race Males Females Black 92 85 White 7 15 Hispanic 1 0 Other 0 1 Percent Positive for Drugs, by Offense Category (N's in Parentheses) Cocaine Marijuana Any Drug Total Males (752) 57 25 69 Violent offenses (194) 37 29 56 Robbery (13) 69 31 77 Assault (145) 32 26 52 Weapons (27) 37 48 63 All others (9) 56 33 67 Property offenses (244) 73 15 78 Larceny/theft (157) 79 17 82 Burglary (36) 75 8 78 Stolen vehicle (31) 48 13 55 All others (20) 65 20 75 Drug offenses (118) 68 47 88 Sales (28) 57 68 93 Possession (90) 71 40 87 Other (196) 52 19 61 Total Females (322) 62 15 72 Violent offenses (51) 49 16 61 Robbery (4) 75 0 75 Assault (40) 48 15 60 Weapons (5) 40 40 60 All others (2) 50 0 50 Property offenses (71) 54 16 63 Larceny/theft (43) 51 16 63 Burglary (5) 60 20 60 All others (23) 56 13 65 Drug offenses (45) 73 18 82 Sales (16) 56 19 69 Possession (29) 83 17 90 Prostitution (19) 90 16 100 Other (136) 65 13 74 Source: National Institute of Justice/Drug Use Forecasting Program ------------------------------ Birmingham Catchment Area: City and part of the county. DUF Sample Size Males: 663 Females: 333 Age of Booked Arrestees (%) Age Males Females 15-20 16 6 21-25 24 20 26-30 19 22 31-35 19 22 36+ 22 30 Race of Booked Arrestees (%) Race Males Females Black 80 74 White 20 26 Hispanic 0 0 Other 0 0 Percent Positive for Drugs, by Offense Category (N's in Parentheses) Cocaine Marijuana Any Drug Total Males (663) 50 28 69 Violent offenses (114) 26 32 54 Robbery (49) 39 31 61 Assault (22) 23 27 46 Weapons (6) 17 50 67 All others (37) 14 35 49 Property offenses (147) 52 26 70 Larceny/theft (40) 60 20 75 Burglary (53) 58 30 76 Stolen vehicle (5) 20 60 60 All others (49) 41 24 61 Drug offenses (156) 53 35 74 Sales (31) 55 32 77 Possession (125) 52 36 74 Other (243) 59 23 72 Total Females (333) 50 17 63 Violent offenses (28) 25 21 54 Robbery (5) 40 40 60 Assault (12) 25 8 50 Weapons (2) 50 50 100 All others (9) 11 22 44 Property offenses (107) 49 21 64 Larceny/theft (63) 54 22 70 Burglary (3) 100 33 100 All others (41) 37 17 54 Drug offenses (38) 74 18 82 Sales (7) 86 29 100 Possession (31) 71 16 77 Prostitution (9) 89 11 89 Other (151) 47 13 58 Source: National Institute of Justice/Drug Use Forecasting Program ------------------------------ Chicago Catchment Area: Entire city. DUF Sample Size Males: 924 Age of Booked Arrestees (%) Age Males 15-20 25 21-25 24 26-30 14 31-35 16 36+ 21 Race of Booked Arrestees (%) Race Males Black 77 White 9 Hispanic 14 Other * Percent Positive for Drugs, by Offense Category (N's in Parentheses) Cocaine Marijuana Any Drug Total Males (924) 57 38 79 Violent offenses (302) 51 39 76 Robbery (74) 47 35 72 Assault (37) 43 54 70 Weapons (180) 55 38 79 All others (11) 36 27 64 Property offenses (441) 59 36 80 Larceny/theft (192) 59 35 81 Burglary (122) 60 31 80 Stolen vehicle (118) 60 41 81 All others (9) 33 33 56 Drug offenses (173) 61 44 83 Sales (0) 0 0 0 Possession (173) 61 44 83 Other (8) 38 38 50 Source: National Institute of Justice/Drug Use Forecasting Program * Less than 1%. ------------------------------ Cleveland Catchment Area: Entire city. DUF Sample Size Males: 743 Females: 332 Age of Booked Arrestees (%) Age Males Females 15-20 17 5 21-25 23 26 26-30 18 24 31-35 18 19 36+ 24 25 Race of Booked Arrestees (%) Race Males Females Black 78 75 White 15 22 Hispanic 4 2 Other 3 * Percent Positive for Drugs, by Offense Category (N's in Parentheses) Cocaine Marijuana Any Drug Total Males (743) 48 28 66 Violent offenses (178) 39 40 68 Robbery (43) 60 37 79 Assault (48) 31 46 69 Weapons (39) 36 46 72 All others (48) 31 33 54 Property offenses (239) 55 19 67 Larceny/theft (73) 49 16 59 Burglary (59) 75 12 83 Stolen vehicle (42) 62 31 79 All others (65) 40 20 54 Drug offenses (137) 66 29 77 Sales (12) 42 25 50 Possession (125) 68 30 80 Other (188) 34 25 55 Total Females (332) 74 16 82 Violent offenses (33) 52 24 70 Robbery (8) 75 25 88 Assault (14) 36 21 57 Weapons (8) 50 25 75 All others (3) 67 33 67 Property offenses (42) 57 14 67 Larceny/theft (14) 50 7 64 Burglary (4) 50 0 50 All others (24) 62 21 71 Drug offenses (132) 86 15 90 Sales (2) 100 0 100 Possession (130) 86 15 90 Prostitution (42) 93 17 95 Other (83) 61 13 74 Source: National Institute of Justice/Drug Use Forecasting Program * Less than 1%. ------------------------------ Dallas Catchment Area: Entire county. DUF Sample Size Males: 1004 Females: 423 Age of Booked Arrestees (%) Age Males Females 15-20 23 12 21-25 21 21 26-30 19 24 31-35 16 25 36+ 21 18 Race of Booked Arrestees (%) Race Males Females Black 62 57 White 26 34 Hispanic 12 8 Other * 1 Percent Positive for Drugs, by Offense Category (N's in Parentheses) Cocaine Marijuana Any Drug Total Males (1004) 35 33 57 Violent offenses (290) 25 34 50 Robbery (50) 20 38 48 Assault (135) 30 30 51 Weapons (75) 19 39 51 All others (30) 23 33 43 Property offenses (372) 38 26 54 Larceny/theft (176) 40 24 53 Burglary (94) 38 20 51 Stolen vehicle (56) 39 39 64 All others (46) 33 30 54 Drug offenses (191) 47 43 77 Sales (6) 50 67 67 Possession (185) 47 42 77 Other (151) 30 34 55 Total Females (423) 46 22 63 Violent offenses (75) 36 23 56 Robbery (5) 40 0 60 Assault (52) 25 25 50 Weapons (10) 60 30 70 All others (8) 75 12 75 Property offenses (175) 38 23 53 Larceny/theft (114) 44 26 59 Burglary (9) 78 33 89 All others (52) 17 15 35 Drug offenses (76) 67 21 87 Sales (3) 67 0 67 Possession (73) 67 22 88 Prostitution (48) 71 27 83 Other (49) 35 16 55 Source: National Institute of Justice/Drug Use Forecasting Program * Less than 1%. ------------------------------ Denver Catchment Area: Entire city. DUF Sample Size Males: 927 Females: 389 Age of Booked Arrestees (%) Age Males Females 15-20 15 11 21-25 18 22 26-30 19 21 31-35 21 24 36+ 28 22 Race of Booked Arrestees (%) Race Males Females Black 41 39 White 26 31 Hispanic 32 27 Other 2 3 Percent Positive for Drugs, by Offense Category (N's in Parentheses) Cocaine Marijuana Any Drug Total Males (927) 40 39 67 Violent offenses (200) 28 40 57 Robbery (22) 59 32 73 Assault (102) 24 43 56 Weapons (16) 25 56 69 All others (60) 22 33 50 Property offenses (176) 43 34 68 Larceny/theft (65) 48 23 66 Burglary (49) 45 29 61 Stolen vehicle (38) 42 45 71 All others (24) 29 54 79 Drug offenses (228) 63 45 88 Sales (7) 71 57 100 Possession (221) 63 45 88 Other (323) 30 36 58 Total Females (389) 51 22 68 Violent offenses (45) 44 9 58 Robbery (5) 60 0 60 Assault (30) 40 13 53 Weapons (3) 33 0 67 All others (7) 57 0 71 Property offenses (51) 43 22 57 Larceny/theft (24) 29 17 42 Burglary (2) 100 50 100 All others (25) 52 24 68 Drug offenses (59) 71 22 85 Sales (1) 0 0 0 Possession (58) 72 22 86 Prostitution (30) 77 33 90 Other (204) 46 24 64 Source: National Institute of Justice/Drug Use Forecasting Program ------------------------------ Detroit Catchment Area: Entire city. DUF Sample Size Males: 229 Females: 68 Age of Booked Arrestees (%) Age Males Females 15-20 24 15 21-25 27 24 26-30 14 24 31-35 9 12 36+ 26 26 Race of Booked Arrestees (%) Race Males Females Black 97 84 White 3 16 Hispanic 0 0 Other * 0 Percent Positive for Drugs, by Offense Category (N's in Parentheses) Cocaine Marijuana Any Drug Total Males (229) 34 38 66 Violent offenses (76) 28 47 66 Robbery (38) 32 45 68 Assault (10) 30 80 90 Weapons (12) 8 50 50 All others (16) 31 31 56 Property offenses (24) 54 17 62 Larceny/theft (0) 0 0 0 Burglary (6) 83 33 100 Stolen vehicle (3) 33 0 33 All others (15) 47 13 53 Drug offenses (60) 38 52 78 Sales (4) 75 50 75 Possession (56) 36 52 79 Other (69) 30 22 55 Total Females (68) 46 16 62 Violent offenses (15) 20 27 47 Robbery (1) 0 0 0 Assault (5) 0 20 40 Weapons (1) 0 100 100 All others (8) 38 25 50 Property offenses (16) 38 0 44 Larceny/theft (7) 57 0 71 Burglary (0) 0 0 0 All others (9) 22 0 22 Drug offenses (10) 30 30 60 Sales (0) 0 0 0 Possession (10) 30 30 60 Prostitution (2) 100 0 100 Other (25) 68 16 80 Source: National Institute of Justice/Drug Use Forecasting Program * Less than 1%. ------------------------------ Ft. Lauderdale Catchment Area: Entire county. DUF Sample Size Males: 915 Females: 423 Age of Booked Arrestees (%) Age Males Females 15-20 17 7 21-25 20 20 26-30 18 22 31-35 20 26 36+ 25 24 Race of Booked Arrestees (%) Race Males Females Black 48 41 White 44 57 Hispanic 7 1 Other * 1 Percent Positive for Drugs, by Offense Category (N's in Parentheses) Cocaine Marijuana Any Drug Total Males (915) 41 29 58 Violent offenses (190) 34 34 55 Robbery (48) 46 42 65 Assault (97) 26 31 47 Weapons (26) 42 35 65 All others (19) 32 32 58 Property offenses (271) 43 29 58 Larceny/theft (106) 41 30 56 Burglary (105) 46 29 60 Stolen vehicle (16) 44 19 56 All others (44) 41 30 59 Drug offenses (167) 48 32 64 Sales (36) 33 22 44 Possession (131) 52 34 69 Other (286) 40 26 57 Total Females (423) 52 18 62 Violent offenses (47) 49 21 60 Robbery (6) 100 17 100 Assault (38) 40 21 53 Weapons (1) 100 100 100 All others (2) 50 0 50 Property offenses (96) 44 17 54 Larceny/theft (60) 45 20 55 Burglary (17) 47 6 59 All others (19) 37 16 47 Drug offenses (94) 67 20 76 Sales (17) 53 29 71 Possession (77) 70 18 77 Prostitution (26) 77 15 85 Other (160) 45 18 57 Source: National Institute of Justice/Drug Use Forecasting Program * Less than 1%. ------------------------------ Houston Catchment Area: Entire city. DUF Sample Size Males: 884 Females: 429 Age of Booked Arrestees (%) Age Males Females 15-20 16 11 21-25 19 27 26-30 16 21 31-35 19 16 36+ 30 25 Race of Booked Arrestees (%) Race Males Females Black 50 57 White 22 25 Hispanic 27 18 Other 1 * Percent Positive for Drugs, by Offense Category (N's in Parentheses) Cocaine Marijuana Any Drug Total Males (884) 29 23 48 Violent offenses (290) 24 23 42 Robbery (45) 33 38 64 Assault (142) 24 22 40 Weapons (59) 20 24 44 All others (44) 18 11 25 Property offenses (278) 26 23 46 Larceny/theft (110) 30 17 47 Burglary (83) 20 31 45 Stolen vehicle (41) 29 27 51 All others (44) 20 16 41 Drug offenses (66) 35 33 64 Sales (11) 46 18 64 Possession (55) 33 36 64 Other (250) 37 19 52 Total Females (429) 36 13 48 Violent offenses (30) 40 13 53 Robbery (1) 0 0 0 Assault (25) 40 12 56 Weapons (0) 0 0 0 All others (4) 50 25 50 Property offenses (46) 39 11 50 Larceny/theft (35) 37 11 51 Burglary (1) 100 100 100 All others (10) 40 0 40 Drug offenses (15) 47 13 47 Sales (4) 50 0 50 Possession (11) 46 18 46 Prostitution (4) 75 25 75 Other (333) 34 13 46 Source: National Institute of Justice/Drug Use Forecasting Program * Less than 1%. ------------------------------ Indianapolis Catchment Area: Entire county. DUF Sample Size Males: 937 Females: 356 Age of Booked Arrestees (%) Age Males Females 15-20 19 8 21-25 19 26 26-30 21 21 31-35 17 20 36+ 24 24 Race of Booked Arrestees (%) Race Males Females Black 66 62 White 34 37 Hispanic * * Other * 1 Percent Positive for Drugs, by Offense Category (N's in Parentheses) Cocaine Marijuana Any Drug Total Males (937) 47 39 69 Violent offenses (203) 41 42 68 Robbery (34) 62 50 85 Assault (109) 33 38 61 Weapons (22) 54 59 82 All others (38) 40 37 63 Property offenses (322) 48 33 70 Larceny/theft (131) 54 33 76 Burglary (83) 40 29 65 Stolen vehicle (48) 42 42 69 All others (60) 50 33 67 Drug offenses (171) 67 54 86 Sales (80) 62 51 79 Possession (91) 70 57 93 Other (240) 37 33 58 Total Females (356) 56 22 69 Violent offenses (34) 56 32 65 Robbery (5) 100 40 100 Assault (23) 44 30 56 Weapons (3) 67 33 67 All others (3) 67 33 67 Property offenses (116) 52 21 68 Larceny/theft (54) 57 26 72 Burglary (2) 100 50 100 All others (60) 45 15 63 Drug offenses (30) 87 40 93 Sales (15) 87 47 93 Possession (15) 87 33 93 Prostitution (45) 91 16 93 Other (131) 42 19 58 Source: National Institute of Justice/Drug Use Forecasting Program * Less than 1%. ------------------------------ Los Angeles Catchment Area: Part of city and part of county. DUF Sample Size Males: 975 Females: 479 Age of Booked Arrestees (%) Age Males Females 15-20 12 8 21-25 22 23 26-30 18 20 31-35 19 22 36+ 29 27 Race of Booked Arrestees (%) Race Males Females Black 27 44 White 13 29 Hispanic 58 26 Other 2 2 Percent Positive for Drugs, by Offense Category (N's in Parentheses) Cocaine Marijuana Any Drug Total Males (975) 48 20 66 Violent offenses (291) 39 19 58 Robbery (96) 58 24 77 Assault (130) 32 15 46 Weapons (27) 26 22 63 All others (38) 26 16 47 Property offenses (356) 54 20 71 Larceny/theft (76) 64 20 78 Burglary (128) 64 21 80 Stolen vehicle (77) 48 16 62 All others (75) 32 21 57 Drug offenses (172) 67 22 86 Sales (57) 72 16 77 Possession (115) 64 25 90 Other (156) 33 19 50 Total Females (479) 53 12 72 Violent offenses (63) 41 11 59 Robbery (11) 27 27 64 Assault (44) 46 7 54 Weapons (3) 67 33 100 All others (5) 20 0 60 Property offenses (139) 37 15 59 Larceny/theft (57) 42 14 65 Burglary (28) 18 11 39 All others (54) 41 18 63 Drug offenses (98) 54 13 83 Sales (20) 55 10 80 Possession (78) 54 14 83 Prostitution (71) 89 8 90 Other (108) 57 11 74 Source: National Institute of Justice/Drug Use Forecasting Program ------------------------------ Manhattan Catchment Area: Entire borough. DUF Sample Size Males: 751 Females: 318 Age of Booked Arrestees (%) Age Males Females 15-20 11 5 21-25 12 14 26-30 20 23 31-35 24 23 36+ 34 34 Race of Booked Arrestees (%) Race Males Females Black 54 59 White 14 20 Hispanic 29 21 Other 2 0 Percent Positive for Drugs, by Offense Category (N's in Parentheses) Cocaine Marijuana Any Drug Total Males (751) 68 24 82 Violent offenses (209) 54 27 73 Robbery (82) 65 33 83 Assault (103) 50 19 68 Weapons (21) 29 43 67 All others (3) 33 0 33 Property offenses (319) 72 22 82 Larceny/theft (154) 69 20 79 Burglary (49) 74 35 88 Stolen vehicle (1) 100 0 100 All others (115) 76 20 84 Drug offenses (139) 76 28 94 Sales (49) 74 33 86 Possession (90) 78 26 98 Other (84) 74 20 84 Total Females (318) 80 15 90 Violent offenses (41) 83 15 85 Robbery (16) 100 25 100 Assault (22) 68 4 73 Weapons (2) 100 50 100 All others (1) 100 0 100 Property offenses (67) 72 12 87 Larceny/theft (32) 72 16 88 Burglary (11) 64 0 91 All others (24) 75 12 83 Drug offenses (135) 90 17 95 Sales (58) 86 16 97 Possession (77) 92 18 94 Prostitution (40) 62 22 78 Other (35) 80 9 94 Source: National Institute of Justice/Drug Use Forecasting Program ------------------------------ Miami Catchment Area: Entire county. DUF Sample Size Males: 908 Age of Booked Arrestees (%) Age Males 15-20 17 21-25 20 26-30 18 31-35 19 36+ 27 Race of Booked Arrestees (%) Race Males Black 55 White 11 Hispanic 33 Other * Percent Positive for Drugs, by Offense Category (N's in Parentheses) Cocaine Marijuana Any Drug Total Males (908) 56 28 66 Violent offenses (278) 42 29 55 Robbery (63) 56 35 68 Assault (136) 41 28 55 Weapons (45) 38 29 51 All others (34) 24 24 38 Property offenses (339) 58 25 68 Larceny/theft (58) 41 17 52 Burglary (195) 64 27 74 Stolen vehicle (66) 59 24 65 All others (20) 55 35 75 Drug offenses (175) 73 28 79 Sales (61) 64 33 70 Possession (114) 77 25 84 Other (116) 55 31 66 Source: National Institute of Justice/Drug Use Forecasting Program * Less than 1%. ------------------------------ New Orleans Catchment Area: Entire parish. DUF Sample Size Males: 977 Females: 370 Age of Booked Arrestees (%) Age Males Females 15-20 21 13 21-25 20 17 26-30 17 23 31-35 16 27 36+ 26 20 Race of Booked Arrestees (%) Race Males Females Black 89 83 White 9 15 Hispanic 2 2 Other * 0 Percent Positive for Drugs, by Offense Category (N's in Parentheses) Cocaine Marijuana Any Drug Total Males (977) 47 28 63 Violent offenses (334) 39 27 56 Robbery (62) 48 29 68 Assault (128) 41 24 55 Weapons (78) 32 37 54 All others (66) 32 20 48 Property offenses (431) 52 27 68 Larceny/theft (134) 61 18 69 Burglary (97) 57 29 75 Stolen vehicle (68) 52 29 63 All others (132) 40 33 64 Drug offenses (46) 61 44 80 Sales (10) 60 50 90 Possession (36) 61 42 78 Other (166) 45 31 62 Total Females (370) 25 7 32 Violent offenses (71) 16 6 18 Robbery (3) 67 0 67 Assault (61) 12 7 15 Weapons (5) 40 0 40 All others (2) 0 0 0 Property offenses (190) 24 6 33 Larceny/theft (115) 29 6 40 Burglary (5) 20 0 20 All others (70) 17 6 21 Drug offenses (21) 33 5 33 Sales (7) 14 14 14 Possession (14) 43 0 43 Prostitution (7) 14 14 14 Other (79) 33 11 42 Source: National Institute of Justice/Drug Use Forecasting Program * Less than 1%. ------------------------------ Omaha Catchment Area: Entire city. DUF Sample Size Males: 885 Females: 113 Age of Booked Arrestees (%) Age Males Females 15-20 23 18 21-25 23 23 26-30 15 19 31-35 17 17 36+ 21 24 Race of Booked Arrestees (%) Race Males Females Black 50 57 White 39 36 Hispanic 8 3 Other 3 4 Percent Positive for Drugs, by Offense Category (N's in Parentheses) Cocaine Marijuana Any Drug Total Males (885) 26 44 59 Violent offenses (178) 20 48 59 Robbery (18) 33 72 83 Assault (91) 21 38 50 Weapons (43) 19 67 77 All others (26) 8 35 42 Property offenses (161) 26 35 55 Larceny/theft (68) 32 31 56 Burglary (29) 21 34 55 Stolen vehicle (1) 100 0 100 All others (63) 19 40 54 Drug offenses (72) 58 67 93 Sales (28) 57 71 89 Possession (44) 59 64 96 Other (474) 23 42 56 Total Females (113) 34 28 58 Violent offenses (13) 15 31 54 Robbery (1) 0 100 100 Assault (7) 14 14 29 Weapons (5) 20 40 80 All others (0) 0 0 0 Property offenses (30) 30 30 57 Larceny/theft (21) 33 29 57 Burglary (0) 0 0 0 All others (9) 22 33 56 Drug offenses (9) 67 33 89 Sales (5) 60 40 100 Possession (4) 75 25 75 Prostitution (11) 73 54 91 Other (50) 28 20 48 Source: National Institute of Justice/Drug Use Forecasting Program ------------------------------ Philadelphia Catchment Area: Entire city. DUF Sample Size Males: 1067 Females: 453 Age of Booked Arrestees (%) Age Males Females 15-20 18 12 21-25 23 17 26-30 19 25 31-35 17 22 36+ 23 24 Race of Booked Arrestees (%) Race Males Females Black 69 69 White 18 22 Hispanic 13 8 Other * 1 Percent Positive for Drugs, by Offense Category (N's in Parentheses) Cocaine Marijuana Any Drug Total Males (1067) 54 32 76 Violent offenses (365) 41 36 68 Robbery (94) 56 48 80 Assault (157) 39 31 67 Weapons (42) 26 45 64 All others (72) 36 28 60 Property offenses (400) 65 27 81 Larceny/theft (168) 76 18 85 Burglary (93) 74 27 86 Stolen vehicle (115) 48 41 77 All others (24) 38 21 50 Drug offenses (135) 58 44 87 Sales (97) 56 46 86 Possession (38) 66 37 90 Other (166) 53 27 72 Total Females (453) 61 18 76 Violent offenses (104) 41 26 64 Robbery (24) 75 25 88 Assault (75) 29 25 56 Weapons (3) 67 33 67 All others (2) 50 50 100 Property offenses (116) 53 18 72 Larceny/theft (64) 64 8 75 Burglary (16) 75 19 81 All others (36) 22 36 64 Drug offenses (63) 71 18 79 Sales (41) 58 20 68 Possession (22) 96 14 100 Prostitution (117) 76 16 84 Other (52) 73 10 81 Source: National Institute of Justice/Drug Use Forecasting Program * Less than 1%. ------------------------------ Phoenix Catchment Area: Entire county. DUF Sample Size Males: 999 Females: 542 Age of Booked Arrestees (%) Age Males Females 15-20 7 8 21-25 26 22 26-30 23 23 31-35 20 22 36+ 24 24 Race of Booked Arrestees (%) Race Males Females Black 15 17 White 56 60 Hispanic 27 20 Other 2 2 Percent Positive for Drugs, by Offense Category (N's in Parentheses) Cocaine Marijuana Any Drug Total Males (999) 28 29 65 Violent offenses (205) 20 32 56 Robbery (19) 32 37 68 Assault (160) 19 31 56 Weapons (6) 33 67 83 All others (20) 15 20 35 Property offenses (240) 35 25 68 Larceny/theft (100) 37 23 66 Burglary (59) 41 27 70 Stolen vehicle (20) 25 30 70 All others (61) 31 23 67 Drug offenses (121) 31 44 78 Sales (17) 47 29 71 Possession (104) 29 46 80 Other (432) 28 26 64 Total Females (542) 36 22 67 Violent offenses (67) 30 25 64 Robbery (5) 60 40 80 Assault (54) 28 22 57 Weapons (4) 25 25 100 All others (4) 25 50 100 Property offenses (142) 38 14 63 Larceny/theft (78) 51 14 69 Burglary (10) 40 10 60 All others (54) 18 15 54 Drug offenses (71) 30 32 76 Sales (10) 30 30 80 Possession (61) 30 33 75 Prostitution (47) 81 15 85 Other (215) 29 24 63 Source: National Institute of Justice/Drug Use Forecasting Program ------------------------------ Portland Catchment Area: Entire county. DUF Sample Size Males: 972 Females: 443 Age of Booked Arrestees (%) Age Males Females 15-20 11 12 21-25 23 21 26-30 20 22 31-35 17 21 36+ 28 24 Race of Booked Arrestees (%) Race Males Females Black 26 24 White 57 69 Hispanic 14 3 Other 4 4 Percent Positive for Drugs, by Offense Category (N's in Parentheses) Cocaine Marijuana Any Drug Total Males (972) 32 27 65 Violent offenses (142) 15 31 51 Robbery (28) 25 39 64 Assault (49) 16 33 55 Weapons (19) 16 47 74 All others (46) 6 17 30 Property offenses (141) 22 31 70 Larceny/theft (46) 26 20 56 Burglary (25) 32 40 88 Stolen vehicle (47) 13 47 74 All others (23) 22 13 65 Drug offenses (198) 60 23 81 Sales (75) 53 27 72 Possession (123) 63 20 87 Other (491) 29 26 62 Total Females (443) 43 19 74 Violent offenses (14) 43 21 71 Robbery (2) 100 0 100 Assault (4) 25 50 100 Weapons (1) 100 0 100 All others (7) 29 14 43 Property offenses (125) 31 24 66 Larceny/theft (70) 29 29 60 Burglary (5) 40 20 60 All others (50) 34 18 76 Drug offenses (89) 67 18 92 Sales (15) 53 20 80 Possession (74) 70 18 95 Prostitution (17) 71 18 94 Other (198) 36 17 69 Source: National Institute of Justice/Drug Use Forecasting Program ------------------------------ St. Louis Catchment Area: Entire city. DUF Sample Size Males: 888 Females: 388 Age of Booked Arrestees (%) Age Males Females 15-20 24 8 21-25 26 22 26--30 17 27 31-35 14 22 36+ 19 21 Race of Booked Arrestees (%) Race Males Females Black 85 76 White 15 24 Hispanic * 0 Other 0 0 Percent Positive for Drugs, by Offense Category (N's in Parentheses) Cocaine Marijuana Any Drug Total Males (888) 50 36 74 Violent offenses (335) 35 45 70 Robbery (57) 46 49 84 Assault (154) 35 41 62 Weapons (90) 30 48 72 All others (34) 32 47 71 Property offenses (258) 59 24 72 Larceny/theft (67) 73 18 85 Burglary (78) 65 23 73 Stolen vehicle (19) 37 26 58 All others (94) 48 30 64 Drug offenses (188) 65 45 88 Sales (62) 71 31 86 Possession (126) 63 52 89 Other (103) 48 23 64 Total Females (388) 69 15 76 Violent offenses (54) 50 18 61 Robbery (14) 86 21 86 Assault (28) 39 18 54 Weapons (9) 33 22 56 All others (3) 33 0 33 Property offenses (79) 65 16 73 Larceny/theft (36) 61 17 67 Burglary (6) 100 17 100 All others (37) 62 16 76 Drug offenses (58) 84 10 86 Sales (21) 90 5 90 Possession (37) 81 14 84 Prostitution (79) 96 10 98 Other (117) 54 17 64 Source: National Institute of Justice/Drug Use Forecasting Program * Less than 1%. ------------------------------ San Antonio Catchment Area: Entire county. DUF Sample Size Males: 913 Females: 433 Age of Booked Arrestees (%) Age Males Females 15-20 28 20 21-25 18 24 26-30 16 16 31-35 13 17 36+ 25 22 Race of Booked Arrestees (%) Race Males Females Black 17 13 White 24 30 Hispanic 60 57 Other * * Percent Positive for Drugs, by Offense Category (N's in Parentheses) Cocaine Marijuana Any Drug Total Males (913) 31 30 52 Violent offenses (165) 24 22 39 Robbery (16) 19 19 31 Assault (92) 25 20 38 Weapons (46) 20 24 41 All others (11) 36 36 46 Property offenses (286) 36 27 56 Larceny/theft (215) 40 22 56 Burglary (13) 31 54 62 Stolen vehicle (32) 19 41 47 All others (26) 27 38 58 Drug offenses (132) 51 56 83 Sales (11) 64 36 82 Possession (121) 50 58 83 Other (329) 22 25 43 Total Females (433) 22 15 39 Violent offenses (18) 17 17 39 Robbery (1) 0 0 0 Assault (10) 10 10 30 Weapons (5) 20 40 60 All others (2) 50 0 50 Property offenses (188) 19 14 38 Larceny/theft (163) 19 14 37 Burglary (4) 50 50 100 All others (21) 14 10 29 Drug offenses (23) 44 44 78 Sales (2) 100 0 100 Possession (21) 38 48 76 Prostitution (7) 57 29 71 Other (196) 22 11 35 Source: National Institute of Justice/Drug Use Forecasting Program * Less than 1%. ------------------------------ San Diego Catchment Area: City and part of the county. DUF Sample Size Males: 774 Females: 398 Age of Booked Arrestees (%) Age Males Females 15-20 10 6 21-25 24 19 26-30 19 22 31-35 20 23 36+ 26 31 Race of Booked Arrestees (%) Race Males Females Black 27 19 White 35 58 Hispanic 35 17 Other 4 6 Percent Positive for Drugs, by Offense Category (N's in Parentheses) Cocaine Marijuana Any Drug Total Males (774) 30 36 79 Violent offenses (149) 24 40 70 Robbery (40) 48 40 78 Assault (61) 18 36 64 Weapons (24) 17 50 83 All others (24) 8 38 58 Property offenses (241) 35 31 83 Larceny/theft (48) 65 27 92 Burglary (97) 35 32 80 Stolen vehicle (49) 26 29 78 All others (47) 13 34 83 Drug offenses (240) 37 42 92 Sales (78) 41 42 81 Possession (162) 35 42 97 Other (144) 16 32 62 Total Females (398) 18 20 76 Violent offenses (41) 17 27 76 Robbery (8) 25 25 62 Assault (24) 12 17 75 Weapons (5) 20 40 100 All others (4) 25 75 75 Property offenses (111) 17 18 72 Larceny/theft (32) 25 28 69 Burglary (47) 13 11 68 All others (32) 16 19 81 Drug offenses (121) 22 22 92 Sales (47) 21 13 94 Possession (74) 23 27 90 Prostitution (2) 0 50 100 Other (123) 16 17 63 Source: National Institute of Justice/Drug Use Forecasting Program ------------------------------ San Jose Catchment Area: Entire county. DUF Sample Size Males: 1002 Females: 437 Age of Booked Arrestees (%) Age Males Females 15-20 19 9 21-25 23 20 26-30 19 22 31-35 13 22 36+ 26 27 Race of Booked Arrestees (%) Race Males Females Black 14 18 White 32 45 Hispanic 42 30 Other 13 7 Percent Positive for Drugs, by Offense Category (N's in Parentheses) Cocaine Marijuana Any Drug Total Males (1002) 19 30 55 Violent offenses (245) 16 29 51 Robbery (47) 32 23 62 Assault (102) 15 30 53 Weapons (49) 12 39 57 All others (47) 6 21 32 Property offenses (301) 21 28 54 Larceny/theft (83) 25 26 58 Burglary (91) 23 32 53 Stolen vehicle (62) 16 16 44 All others (65) 18 34 58 Drug offenses (93) 31 44 80 Sales (40) 30 42 70 Possession (53) 32 45 87 Other (356) 17 28 52 Total Females (437) 23 18 61 Violent offenses (28) 25 11 36 Robbery (0) 0 0 0 Assault (21) 14 10 24 Weapons (6) 67 17 83 All others (1) 0 0 0 Property offenses (128) 27 20 59 Larceny/theft (77) 27 18 61 Burglary (16) 25 38 69 All others (35) 29 17 51 Drug offenses (50) 20 16 82 Sales (15) 20 7 60 Possession (35) 20 20 91 Prostitution (2) 100 50 100 Other (224) 20 17 61 Source: National Institute of Justice/Drug Use Forecasting Program ------------------------------ Washington, D.C. Catchment Area: Entire city. DUF Sample Size Males: 926 Females: 390 Age of Booked Arrestees (%) Age Males Females 15-20 15 8 21-25 24 17 26-30 18 25 31-35 15 22 36+ 29 28 Race of Booked Arrestees (%) Race Males Females Black 93 94 White 6 6 Hispanic * * Other * * Percent Positive for Drugs, by Offense Category (N's in Parentheses) Cocaine Marijuana Any Drug Total Males (926) 38 30 64 Violent offenses (380) 30 30 57 Robbery (28) 54 25 75 Assault (233) 33 25 56 Weapons (76) 20 46 59 All others (43) 21 26 46 Property offenses (232) 44 24 66 Larceny/theft (87) 60 15 79 Burglary (25) 60 16 68 Stolen vehicle (59) 22 39 54 All others (61) 38 25 56 Drug offenses (163) 45 45 78 Sales (127) 43 45 76 Possession (36) 53 47 89 Other (149) 40 26 62 Total Females (390) 55 10 67 Violent offenses (142) 34 10 46 Robbery (6) 33 0 50 Assault (129) 33 11 45 Weapons (4) 25 0 50 All others (3) 67 0 100 Property offenses (65) 52 14 65 Larceny/theft (29) 55 10 62 Burglary (7) 71 29 100 All others (29) 45 14 59 Drug offenses (77) 74 17 88 Sales (50) 72 22 90 Possession (27) 78 7 85 Prostitution (50) 80 4 88 Other (56) 66 5 77 Source: National Institute of Justice/ Drug Use Forecasting Program * Less than 1%. ------------------------------ 1994 Juvenile Program Findings Birmingham Catchment Area: Arrestees and detainees from Jefferson County, which includes Birmingham. DUF Sample Size Juvenile Males: 349 Age of Booked Arrestees (%) Age Juvenile Males 9-12 4 13-14 22 15-16 54 17-18 21 Race of Booked Arrestees (%) Race Juvenile Males Black 86 White 14 Hispanic * Other 0 Percent Positive for Drugs, by Offense Category (N's in Parentheses) Cocaine Marijuana Any Drug Total Males (349) 6 34 38 Violent offenses (132) 3 33 36 Robbery (22) 14 36 46 Assault (30) 0 23 23 Weapons (65) 2 38 40 All others (15) 0 27 27 Property offenses (91) 0 21 23 Stolen vehicle (15) 0 20 20 Larceny/theft (18) 0 44 50 Burglary (20) 0 15 15 All others (38) 0 13 16 Drug offenses (39) 20 67 72 Sales (3) 33 33 33 Possession (36) 19 69 75 Other (87) 9 36 42 Public peace (21) 5 38 48 Probation/parole violation (37) 11 32 38 All others (29) 10 38 45 Source: National Institute of Justice/Drug Use Forecasting Program * Less than 1%. ------------------------------ Cleveland Catchment Area: Detainees from Cuyahoga County, which includes Cleveland. DUF Sample Size Juvenile Males: 416 Age of Booked Arrestees (%) Age Juvenile Males 9-12 4 13-14 22 15-16 46 17-18 28 Race of Booked Arrestees (%) Race Juvenile Males Black 72 White 24 Hispanic 3 Other * Percent Positive for Drugs, by Offense Category (N's in Parentheses) Cocaine Marijuana Any Drug Total Males (416) 17 42 47 Violent offenses (136) 11 41 44 Robbery (55) 11 38 42 Assault (37) 11 46 46 Weapons (29) 10 41 45 All others (15) 13 40 47 Property offenses (91) 9 32 37 Stolen vehicle (4) 0 25 25 Larceny/theft (17) 18 18 24 Burglary (29) 7 38 45 All others (41) 7 34 39 Drug offenses (62) 47 71 82 Sales (43) 42 72 86 Possession (19) 58 68 74 Other (127) 13 36 41 Public peace (4) 25 50 50 Probation/parole violation (104) 14 38 43 All others (19) 10 26 26 Source: National Institute of Justice/Drug Use Forecasting Program * Less than 1%. ------------------------------ Denver Catchment Area: Arrestees and detainees from Denver County, which is the city of Denver. DUF Sample Size Juvenile Males: 415 Age of Booked Arrestees (%) Age Juvenile Males 9-12 7 13-14 32 15-16 48 17-18 12 Race of Booked Arrestees (%) Race Juvenile Males Black 34 White 12 Hispanic 51 Other 4 Percent Positive for Drugs, by Offense Category (N's in Parentheses) Cocaine Marijuana Any Drug Total Males (415) 10 52 54 Violent offenses (82) 8 48 48 Robbery (9) 11 78 78 Assault (17) 0 47 47 Weapons (30) 17 50 50 All others (26) 4 35 35 Property offenses (74) 12 49 53 Stolen vehicle (33) 9 52 58 Larceny/theft (10) 20 40 40 Burglary (24) 8 54 54 All others (7) 29 29 43 Drug offenses (15) 40 60 73 Sales (0) 0 0 0 Possession (15) 40 60 73 Other (242) 9 54 56 Public peace (15) 7 67 67 Probation/parole violation (51) 6 45 47 All others (176) 10 55 57 Source: National Institute of Justice/Drug Use Forecasting Program ------------------------------ Indianapolis Catchment Area: Arrestees and detainees from Marion County, which includes Indianapolis. DUF Sample Size Juvenile Males: 432 Age of Booked Arrestees (%) Age Juvenile Males 9-12 17 13-14 35 15-16 40 17-18 9 Race of Booked Arrestees (%) Race Juvenile Males Black 62 White 38 Hispanic * Other * Percent Positive for Drugs, by Offense Category (N's in Parentheses) Cocaine Marijuana Any Drug Total Males (432) 8 26 30 Violent offenses (66) 6 20 21 Robbery (6) 17 50 50 Assault (48) 6 19 21 Weapons (5) 0 0 0 All others (7) 0 14 14 Property offenses (172) 5 26 28 Stolen vehicle (66) 9 38 41 Larceny/theft (72) 4 12 15 Burglary (25) 0 44 44 All others (9) 0 0 0 Drug offenses (45) 22 51 62 Sales (13) 31 46 69 Possession (32) 19 53 59 Other (149) 9 21 27 Public peace (68) 7 16 24 Probation/parole violation (16) 0 12 12 All others (65) 12 28 34 Source: National Institute of Justice/Drug Use Forecasting Program * Less than 1%. ------------------------------ Los Angeles Catchment Area: Detainees from three select Los Angeles city and county facilities. DUF Sample Size Juvenile Males: 417 Age of Booked Arrestees (%) Age Juvenile Males 9-12 1 13-14 10 15-16 45 17-18 43 Race of Booked Arrestees (%) Race Juvenile Males Black 30 White 13 Hispanic 50 Other 7 Percent Positive for Drugs, by Offense Category (N's in Parentheses) Cocaine Marijuana Any Drug Total Males (417) 8 31 37 Violent offenses (125) 7 26 33 Robbery (49) 8 26 35 Assault (30) 0 33 37 Weapons (35) 9 20 29 All others (11) 18 18 27 Property offenses (113) 6 26 33 Stolen vehicle (56) 7 25 30 Larceny/theft (4) 0 50 75 Burglary (31) 10 26 32 All others (22) 0 27 32 Drug offenses (21) 14 24 33 Sales (10) 0 0 10 Possession (11) 27 46 54 Other (158) 9 39 45 Public peace (3) 33 67 67 Probation/parole violation (77) 5 36 42 All others (78) 12 40 47 Source: National Institute of Justice/Drug Use Forecasting Program ------------------------------ Phoenix Catchment Area: Detainees from Maricopa County, which includes Phoenix. DUF Sample Size Juvenile Males: 361 Age of Booked Arrestees (%) Age Juvenile Males 9-12 4 13-14 33 15-16 51 17-18 12 Race of Booked Arrestees (%) Race Juvenile Males Black 14 White 49 Hispanic 36 Other * Percent Positive for Drugs, by Offense Category (N's in Parentheses) Cocaine Marijuana Any Drug Total Males (361) 11 41 51 Violent offenses (79) 9 32 43 Robbery (11) 9 18 36 Assault (50) 8 36 46 Weapons (10) 20 40 60 All others (8) 0 12 12 Property offenses (110) 16 46 56 Stolen vehicle (42) 24 60 69 Larceny/theft (24) 4 38 42 Burglary (23) 22 44 48 All others (21) 5 33 57 Drug offenses (26) 8 62 65 Sales (3) 33 67 67 Possession (23) 4 61 65 Other (145) 8 39 48 Public peace (16) 12 38 38 Probation/parole violation (59) 7 46 59 All others (70) 9 33 41 Source: National Institute of Justice/Drug Use Forecasting Program * Less than 1%. ------------------------------ Portland Catchment Area: Detainees from Multnomah County, which includes Portland. DUF Sample Size Juvenile Males: 395 Age of Booked Arrestees (%) Age Juvenile Males 9-12 4 13-14 32 15-16 44 17-18 20 Race of Booked Arrestees (%) Race Juvenile Males Black 32 White 55 Hispanic 8 Other 6 Percent Positive for Drugs, by Offense Category (N's in Parentheses) Cocaine Marijuana Any Drug Total Males (395) 3 18 23 Violent offenses (106) 2 19 24 Robbery (19) 0 26 26 Assault (49) 0 10 16 Weapons (16) 12 31 44 All others (22) 0 23 23 Property offenses (115) 3 16 24 Stolen vehicle (58) 0 14 17 Larceny/theft (28) 11 14 36 Burglary (27) 0 22 26 All others (2) 0 0 0 Drug offenses (15) 0 33 33 Sales (3) 0 67 67 Possession (12) 0 25 25 Other (159) 4 17 21 Public peace (18) 0 17 22 Probation/parole violation (40) 5 18 25 All others (101) 4 17 20 Source: National Institute of Justice/Drug Use Forecasting Program ------------------------------ St. Louis Catchment Area: Detainees from the city of St. Louis. DUF Sample Size Juvenile Males: 293 Age of Booked Arrestees (%) Age Juvenile Males 9-12 8 13-14 44 15-16 48 17-18 0 Race of Booked Arrestees (%) Race Juvenile Males Black 94 White 6 Hispanic 0 Other 0 Percent Positive for Drugs, by Offense Category (N's in Parentheses) Cocaine Marijuana Any Drug Total Males (293) 10 34 38 Violent offenses (105) 9 30 33 Robbery (31) 3 32 32 Assault (22) 14 23 27 Weapons (45) 9 31 36 All others (7) 14 29 43 Property offenses (96) 4 23 26 Stolen vehicle (6) 17 33 50 Larceny/theft (12) 0 33 33 Burglary (20) 0 20 20 All others (58) 5 21 24 Drug offenses (53) 28 68 74 Sales (12) 67 67 83 Possession (41) 17 68 71 Other (39) 5 31 33 Public peace (0) 0 0 0 Probation/parole violation (28) 7 32 36 All others (11) 0 27 27 Source: National Institute of Justice/Drug Use Forecasting Program ------------------------------ San Antonio Catchment Area: Arrestees and detainees from Bexar County, which includes San Antonio. DUF Sample Size Juvenile Males: 306 Age of Booked Arrestees (%) Age Juvenile Males 9-12 8 13-14 44 15-16 47 17-18 2 Race of Booked Arrestees (%) Race Juvenile Males Black 15 White 12 Hispanic 70 Other 2 Percent Positive for Drugs, by Offense Category (N's in Parentheses) Cocaine Marijuana Any Drug Total Males (306) 9 35 39 Violent offenses (75) 9 37 45 Robbery (5) 0 40 40 Assault (33) 6 21 30 Weapons (35) 14 49 57 All others (2) 0 100 100 Property offenses (102) 7 21 24 Stolen vehicle (29) 10 45 45 Larceny/theft (48) 2 8 10 Burglary (20) 15 20 30 All others (5) 0 0 0 Drug offenses (48) 17 71 71 Sales (0) 0 0 0 Possession (48) 17 71 71 Other (81) 7 28 33 Public peace (38) 5 18 24 Probation/parole violation (15) 13 40 40 All others (28) 7 36 43 Source: National Institute of Justice/Drug Use Forecasting Program ------------------------------ San Diego Catchment Area: Detainees from San Diego County, which includes the city of San Diego. DUF Sample Size Juvenile Males: 398 Age of Booked Arrestees (%) Age Juvenile Males 9-12 7 13-14 30 15-16 49 17-18 15 Race of Booked Arrestees (%) Race Juvenile Males Black 23 White 25 Hispanic 46 Other 7 Percent Positive for Drugs, by Offense Category (N's in Parentheses) Cocaine Marijuana Any Drug Total Males (398) 2 33 42 Violent offenses (123) 1 28 35 Robbery (20) 0 15 30 Assault (55) 2 24 27 Weapons (35) 0 40 49 All others (13) 0 38 38 Property offenses (115) 4 39 51 Stolen vehicle (31) 6 45 55 Larceny/theft (15) 0 40 47 Burglary (45) 7 29 44 All others (24) 0 50 62 Drug offenses (31) 6 39 58 Sales (21) 10 38 62 Possession (10) 0 40 50 Other (129) 2 31 38 Public peace (12) 8 33 50 Probation/parole violation (33) 0 46 52 All others (84) 1 25 31 Source: National Institute of Justice/Drug Use Forecasting Program ------------------------------ San Jose Catchment Area: Detainees from Santa Clara County, which includes San Jose. DUF Sample Size Juvenile Males: 386 Age of Booked Arrestees (%) Age Juvenile Males 9-12 8 13-14 27 15-16 55 17-18 10 Race of Booked Arrestees (%) Race Juvenile Males Black 13 White 24 Hispanic 51 Other 12 Percent Positive for Drugs, by Offense Category (N's in Parentheses) Cocaine Marijuana Any Drug Total Males (386) 5 28 35 Violent offenses (118) 3 30 35 Robbery (26) 4 31 35 Assault (62) 2 29 32 Weapons (22) 9 36 46 All others (8) 0 25 25 Property offenses (89) 4 16 27 Stolen vehicle (31) 13 16 29 Larceny/theft (13) 0 31 31 Burglary (29) 0 10 17 All others (16) 0 12 38 Drug offenses (12) 8 83 92 Sales (5) 0 80 80 Possession (7) 14 86 100 Other (156) 6 28 33 Public peace (29) 10 38 41 Probation/parole violation (18) 11 22 44 All others (109) 5 27 29 Source: National Institute of Justice/Drug Use Forecasting Program ------------------------------ Washington, D.C. Catchment Area: Detainees from the District of Columbia. DUF Sample Size Juvenile Males: 390 Age of Booked Arrestees (%) Age Juvenile Males 9-12 7 13-14 26 15-16 52 17-18 15 Race of Booked Arrestees (%) Race Juvenile Males Black 95 White 2 Hispanic 3 Other * Percent Positive for Drugs, by Offense Category (N's in Parentheses) Cocaine Marijuana Any Drug Total Males (390) 9 61 64 Violent offenses (110) 4 48 49 Robbery (29) 3 52 52 Assault (51) 6 35 37 Weapons (25) 0 68 68 All others (5) 20 60 60 Property offenses (90) 3 61 64 Stolen vehicle (67) 3 64 67 Larceny/theft (8) 0 50 50 Burglary (5) 0 20 40 All others (10) 10 70 70 Drug offenses (97) 16 77 80 Sales (77) 18 77 80 Possession (20) 10 80 80 Other (92) 13 58 62 Public peace (14) 14 57 71 Probation/parole violation (0) 0 0 0 All others (78) 13 58 60 Source: National Institute of Justice/Drug Use Forecasting Program * Less than 1%. ------------------------------ Guide to DUF Site Data Tables Results are for the sample of booked adult male and female arrestees and juvenile male arrestees/detainees. Data on adult female arrestees were collected at all but two sites. Sample selection procedures differ for male and female arrestees and for juvenile male arrestees/detainees (see Methodology, above).1 Catchment area, sample size, age, and race. Catchment areas for DUF collection of adult data vary across sites. In most cases, the entire county or city constitutes the area from which arrestees are drawn. At a few sites, the catchment area is a specific precinct or set of precincts within the city or county. In Los Angeles, the catchment area comprises parts of the city and county. Sample size indicates the number of adult arrestees and juvenile arrestees/detainees who completed the DUF interview and provided a urine specimen. Among juveniles, no distinction is made between arrestees and detainees. The sample is the total across four quarterly collection periods in 1994. For some results, sample size is reduced slightly due to missing data. Percentage distributions by age and race are shown for each site. Typically, these data are obtained from official booking records at the facility. While the minimum age of arrestees at adult facilities is usually 18, a small number of persons under the age of 18 are encountered among the adult arrestees. Because of this, the youngest age category for adults is reported as 15 to 20. For similar reasons, the oldest age category among juveniles is 17 to 18. For adult male arrestees, the percentage distribution of the offense at arrest reflects the facility population at the time of DUF data collection subject to selection guidelines stipulated by NIJ. Specifically, adult males arrested for drug offenses are limited to not more than 20 percent of the sample, and a priority is placed on felony arrestees over misdemeanor and ordinance arrestees.2 For adult female arrestees and for juveniles, the percentage distribution of the offense at arrest is a function of the composition of the population of arrestees/detainees at the facility at the time of collection. No categories of female or juvenile arrestees are excluded or undersampled. Urinalysis results by offense at arrest. As with the age and race of the adult arrestee and juvenile arrestee/detainee, information on the offense at arrest is obtained from official booking records. For reporting purposes, violent offenses include robbery, assault, weapons offenses, extortion, homicide, kidnapping, manslaughter, sexual assault, and rape. Property offenses include larceny/theft, burglary, motor vehicle theft, arson, possession of stolen property, bribery, and pickpocketing. Drug offenses comprise drug possession and drug sales. Other offenses are public peace offenses, flight/escape, traffic offenses (primarily driving while intoxicated/driving under the influence), being under the influence of a controlled substance, probation or parole violation, family offenses, resisting arrest, sex offenses (other than sexual assault or rape), liquor law violations, obscenity, gambling, embezzlement, and other miscellaneous offenses including, for juveniles, violating curfew or home supervision. For females, prostitution is reported in a separate category. Urinalysis results for cocaine, marijuana, and any drug are shown for the total sample of arrestees, for each broad category of offenses, and for specific offenses. The number of arrestees in each category is shown in parentheses. Specific offenses were chosen because they constitute significant numbers of arrestees across sites. Though the distribution of arrestees across offense categories varies from one site to another, the same offenses are shown for each site. Unavoidably, for some sites the number of cases in a specific offense category is very small. Drug use by adult male and female booked arrestees and male juvenile arrestees/detainees. This bar graph shows the percentage who were urine positive for drugs at the time of the DUF interview according to EMITTM. The graph shows the percentage positive for any of 10 drugs (listed at the bottom of each page), for cocaine, marijuana, and opiates, and for multiple drugs. The percentage positive is also tabulated by age and race. Drug use trends among booked arrestees. DUF data collection for adult arrestees began in 1987 in 12 sites while that for juvenile male arrestees/detainees began in 1988 at 2 sites. By 1990, this effort had expanded to include adults and juveniles in nearly all the sites reported here. Some, like Atlanta, started data collection in 1991. The last site to begin collecting juvenile data was Denver in 1991. To provide comparability throughout the tables, data series are reported beginning with 1990. Gaps in the line graphs represent periods when data were not collected or when sample size was insufficient for monitoring purposes. Graphs for both male and female adult arrestees are presented for 21 sites; male data are shown for 2 additional sites. Drugs positive among male juveniles by school attendance. Urinalysis results for any drug, for cocaine, marijuana, and for multiple drugs are shown by school attendance for juvenile arrestees/detainees. Data on school attendance are based on self-report and do not provide a measure of frequency of attendance or academic achievement. Although some arrestees/detainees have successfully completed their schooling, this number is typically too small for analysis, and results in the graph are presented only for those still in school and for those who no longer attend but have not graduated. Juveniles interviewed during the summer months are asked if they plan to attend when school resumes in the fall. 1 Previous DUF reports omitted urinalysis results for categories of arrestees with fewer than 20 cases. Beginning with this report, urinalysis results are presented together with sample size for each category of arrestees, thereby providing a basis for assessing statistical significance. 2 NIJ is reviewing the sampling procedures currently used in the DUF program. Any change in sampling procedures will be noted here in future reports, together with implications of the change for comparison of series data. ------------------------------ For more information on the National Institute of Justice and to learn how to obtain an electronic version of this report, please contact: National Criminal Justice Reference Service Box 6000 Rockville, MD 20849-6000 phone: 800-851-3420 phone: 301-251-5500 e-mail: askncjrs@ncjrs.aspensys.com ---------------------------------------------------- About the National Institute of Justice The National Institute of Justice, a component of the Office of Justice Programs, is the research and development agency of the U.S. Department of Justice. NIJ was established to prevent and reduce crime and to improve the criminal justice system. Specific mandates established by Congress in the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968, as amended, and the Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988 direct the National Institute of Justice to: o Sponsor special projects and research and development programs that will improve and strengthen the criminal justice system and reduce or prevent crime. o Conduct national demonstration projects that employ innovative or promising approaches for improving criminal justice. o Develop new technologies to fight crime and improve criminal justice. o Evaluate the effectiveness of criminal justice programs and identify programs that promise to be successful if continued or repeated. o Recommend actions that can be taken by Federal, State, and local governments as well as private organizations to improve criminal justice. o Carry out research on criminal behavior. o Develop new methods of crime prevention and reduction of crime and delinquency. The National Institute of Justice has a long history of accomplishments, including the following: o Basic research on career criminals that led to the development of special police and prosecutor units to deal with repeat offenders. o Research that confirmed the link between drugs and crime. o The research and development program that resulted in the creation of police body armor that has meant the difference between life and death to hundreds of police officers. o Pioneering scientific advances such as the research and development of DNA analysis to positively identify suspects and eliminate the innocent from suspicion. o The evaluation of innovative justice programs to determine what works, including drug enforcement, community policing, community anti-drug initiatives, prosecution of complex drug cases, drug testing throughout the criminal justice system, and user accountability programs. o Creation of a corrections information-sharing system that enables State and local officials to exchange more efficient and cost-effective concepts and techniques for planning, financing, and constructing new prisons and jails. o Operation of the world's largest criminal justice information clearinghouse, a resource used by State and local officials across the Nation and by criminal justice agencies in foreign countries. The Institute Director, who is appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate, establishes the Institute's objectives, guided by the priorities of the Office of Justice Programs, the Department of Justice, and the needs of the criminal justice field. The Institute actively solicits the views of criminal justice professionals to identify their most critical problems. Dedicated to the priorities of Federal, State, and local criminal justice agencies, research and development at the National Institute of Justice continues to search for answers to what works and why in the Nation's war on drugs and crime.