Title: 1999 Annual Report to Congress. Series: Annual Report Author: National Institute of Justice Published: NIJ, July 2000 Subject: Criminal justice system 95 pages 138,000 bytes --------------------------- Figures, charts, forms, and tables are not included in this ASCII plain-text file. To view this document in its entirety, download the Adobe Acrobat graphic file available from this Web site or order a print copy from NCJRS at 800-851- 3420 (877-712-9279 for TTY users). --------------------------- U.S. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs National Institute of Justice National Institute of Justice Annual Report to Congress July 2000 U.S. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs 810 Seventh Street N.W. Washington, DC 20531 Janet Reno Attorney General Daniel Marcus Acting Associate Attorney General Mary Lou Leary Acting Assistant Attorney General Julie E. Samuels Acting Director, National Institute of Justice Office of Justice Programs World Wide Web Site http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov National Institute of Justice World Wide Web Site http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij The National Institute of Justice is a component of the Office of Justice Programs, which also includes the Bureau of Justice Assistance, Bureau of Justice Statistics, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, and Office for Victims of Crime. NCJ 182949 ----------------------------- Contents Message From the Director Overview of the Year Rethinking Justice --Strategic Approaches to Community Safety --Community Mapping, Planning, and Analysis --Using Mapping Data to Solve Crime Problems --Rethinking Justice in Indian Country Understanding the Nexus --Chicago Helps Reveal Nexus Between Crime and Neighborhoods --Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring Program Breaking the Cycle of Crime --Court-Enforced Drug Treatment Intervention --Focusing on Breaking the Juvenile Drug-Crime Cycle: What Works? --Substance Abuse Treatment in Correctional Facilities --Returning to Society After Incarceration Creating the Tools --Nationwide System of Technology Centers --NIJ's Regional Technology Centers --Less-Than-Lethal Technology --Enhancing School Safety --Standards Development --Improving Public Safety Communications --Counterterrorism Technologies --National Commission on the Future of DNA Evidence --Training --Forensic Improvements Expanding the Horizons --International Center --Electronic Crime Sharing Information --Making Information Available Through NCJRS --Making Data Available Through the Data Resources Program --Publishing Activities --Meetings, Conferences, and Other Gatherings Appendix A: Organization and Financial Data Appendix B: Awards Made in Fiscal Year 1999 Appendix C: Materials Published in Fiscal Year 1999 --------------------------- Message From the Director Fiscal year 1999 at the National Institute of Justice was characterized by ongoing growth, new collaborations, and continued incremental advances in our understanding of crime and justice issues. This year's report highlights the Institute's major activities and summarizes some of the findings in key areas of interest. As we add to our knowledge base, two developments strike me as significant. First, it is rewarding to see new and productive relationships between researchers and practitioners taking hold everywhere--from the local level to the international level. During the past several years, NIJ investments have brought together researchers and practitioners in the areas of law enforcement, corrections, substance abuse, and violence against women. These partnerships can inspire incredible cultural changes. For example, U.S. Attorneys are devising ways to solve complicated community crime problems by looking beyond traditional prosecution strategies. Police and community-corrections officers are sharing data and jointly designing interventions aimed at addressing specific local crime issues. Universities are restructuring their tenure systems to reward researchers who work with practitioners and policymakers so that professionals in the field can rely on data and gain insight from research. Researchers and practitioners are also partnering across national boundaries. Through a partnership with the Department of State, NIJ is supporting collaboration between American and foreign researchers, as well as special collaborations between American and Ukrainian researchers and practitioners. These partnerships are surviving beyond the length of Federal funding because the partners see the value they bring to all parties. Second, the growth of NIJ's science and technology portfolio has been remarkable. In the early 1990's, the Institute's budget for law enforcement and corrections technology was $3.5 million; in fiscal year 1999, it was $67.1 million. This funding has allowed NIJ to enhance our science and technology activities in a number of important ways. We are working, for example, to improve the options available to public safety agencies so they can better communicate with one another in real time during emergencies. We are expanding and strengthening the network of State forensic laboratories so that evidence gathering and analysis can solve crimes faster and with greater accuracy. In addition, we are continuing to refine and improve a number of ongoing research and development efforts intended to make law enforcement and corrections officers safer and more effective. In my role as Acting Director of the Institute, I will continue to be a strong advocate for using research and data to inform criminal justice policy and practice at all levels of government, for supporting independent and high-quality research, and for translating research investments into useful knowledge for our customers in the field. Acting Director Julie E. Samuels Overview of the Year The National Institute of Justice was created by Congress through the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968 as amended. When it was created 31 years ago, NIJ scientists began a journey to inform policy and practice through research and development about crime and justice. The Institute's mandate remains the same today as in 1968--to marry science to criminal justice problem solving and policy development. Specifically, the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968 directs NIJ to: --Conduct research about the nature and impact of crime and juvenile offending. --Develop new technologies to reduce crime and improve criminal justice operations. --Evaluate the effectiveness of criminal justice programs and identify promising new programs. --Test innovative concepts and model programs in the field. --Assist policymakers, program partners, and justice agencies. --Disseminate knowledge to many audiences. This report summarizes the National Institute of Justice's operations, achievements, and overall role in 1999. It reports on key research, evaluation, and technology activities that achieve the Institute's strategic objectives and describes outreach and dissemination efforts. Three appendixes provide information on financial resources, list the awards the Institute made in fiscal year 1999, and list the materials published in FY 1999. Rethinking Justice NIJ is committed to finding new ways to help the criminal justice system ensure fair, efficient, and effective outcomes. The NIJ activities that fall under the theme of rethinking justice encourage researchers, practitioners, and policymakers to work as partners to improve the delivery of justice and public safety as they build on the existing base of research knowledge, fill in gaps, and test promising hypotheses. Key areas of interest include studies that examine ways to achieve the purposes of the justice system, such as swift and certain apprehension of criminals, fair and speedy trials, appropriate punishments, and concern for crime victims. This year, NIJ became deeply involved in two major pilot efforts to develop collaborative partnerships among community organizations. The partnerships aim to better identify particular crime problems, analyze the nature of the problems, and develop strategic approaches to resolve them. They are built on the lessons learned from crime analysis approaches used by: (1) the New York City Police Department's CompStat unit, which emphasizes using data to solve problems, (2) the Weed and Seed program, which emphasizes coordination of resources to revitalize neighborhoods, and (3) Boston's Gun Project, which was a key component of the dramatic reductions in youth homicides in that city. Strategic Approaches to Community Safety The first of the two pilot projects, called the Strategic Approaches to Community Safety Initiative (SACSI), is supported by more than a dozen U.S. Department of Justice agencies.[1] The SACSI model follows five major steps or stages: --Form an interagency working group led by the U.S. Attorney. --Target a local crime problem, then gather information and data about it. --Design a strategic intervention to tackle the problem. --Implement the intervention. --Assess and modify the strategy as the data reveal effects. The five pilot sites and their target problems are: --Indianapolis: Homicide (particularly drug-related homicide) and gun violence --Memphis: Sexual assault --New Haven: Gun-related crime and community fear --Portland: Youth gun violence, with special attention to 15- to 24-year-olds and the role of alcohol in youth-related violence --Winston-Salem: Violent and assaultive crimes committed by youth, age 17 and younger The SACSI partners in each site are striving to create new, effective, and lasting relationships across agencies and disciplines. As the partners become more involved in their projects, they begin to recognize how difficult and rewarding their pioneering efforts are and how the cultures of their partner agencies differ. Three partners are essential: the U.S. Attorney, the researchers, and the project coordinator. The U.S. Attorney in each site is demonstrating a new, emerging role for prosecutors: proactive problem solver. The research partner, too, is demonstrating a new, emerging role: a fully engaged participant rather than a traditional, neutral observer. The project coordinator manages the daily process by facilitating the conversation, moving the group toward the collective goal, ensuring that different components of the partnership are working effectively, and working with the research partner to think through the nexus of operational capacities, local data analysis, and crime control theory. One of SACSI's goals is to institutionalize the projects in each site by the end of 2000, when Federal support comes to an end. It is hoped that an infrastructure will be in place to continue supporting the SACSI way of working together, analyzing data, developing strategies, and fine-tuning interventions so the sites can continue to apply the approach to other crime problems and so the model can be replicated in other sites. At this early stage, support for the SACSI effort seems strong; participants believe it is addressing their community's most important issues. Findings from the national assessment are expected in early 2001. For more information about SACSI: --Read "Using Knowledge and Teamwork To Reduce Crime," by U.S. Attorneys Veronica Coleman, Walter C. Holton, Jr., Kristine Olson, Stephen C. Robinson, and Judith Stewart, NIJ Journal, October 1999 (JR 000241). Available at http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/journals. --Contact Erin Dalton, 202-514-5752, daltona@ojp.usdoj.gov. Community Mapping, Planning, and Analysis The second new initiative launched in 1999 is called COMPASS (Community Mapping, Planning, and Analysis for Safety Strategies). COMPASS uses SACSI's basic problem-solving approach, but it is coordinated from the mayor's office and begins with the development of a data infrastructure to inform problem-solving efforts. The core element of the COMPASS initiative is the creation of a data infrastructure to collect information from a variety of sources on public safety indicators (such as arrest statistics, calls-for-service, and victimization) as well as community indicators (such as employment, housing, schools, and public health). The analytic strength of COMPASS lies in the wealth of data available to analyze relationships among key indicators. One analytic tool through which this is done is geographic information systems (GIS), which can be used to develop and test models of hypothesized relationships among factors (for example, are assaults concentrated around bars or other specific locations?) and the impact of interventions (for example, is crime being displaced to a neighboring area?). (See "Using Mapping Data to Solve Crime Problems.") The first pilot site, Seattle, is being directed by a strong local advisory committee that has the knowledge and skills necessary to make full use of the available information. COMPASS, like SACSI, involves the collaboration of several Department of Justice agencies.[2] COMPASS will add one more site in 2000 and, depending on the congressional appropriation for the initiative, may be able to expand to multiple demonstration sites in the future. For more information about COMPASS: --Contact Laura Winterfield, 202-616-3482, winterfi@ojp.usdoj.gov. Rethinking Justice in Indian Country Communities in Indian Country have unique relationships with the Federal Government and its law enforcement agencies. Rethinking justice in Indian Country means acknowledging tribal sovereignty and the government-to-government relationship. This is an especially important concept to recognize because of the historically strong feelings of distrust Indians have toward the U.S. Government. The Departments of Justice and Interior have initiated an effort to address the compelling need for improved law enforcement and the administration of criminal and juvenile justice in Indian Country. The initiative is designed to increase coordination among Justice Department agencies and other Federal agencies (such as the Department of the Interior) that fund law enforcement efforts in Indian Country. Specifically, NIJ is supporting research on various aspects of law enforcement and criminal justice in Indian Country, including evaluations of the Tribal Strategies Against Violence Initiative and other projects. In addition, NIJ recently completed an evaluation of the Indian Country Justice Initiative in two sites: (1) the Pueblo of Laguna Nation in New Mexico, and (2) the Northern Cheyenne Nation in Montana. The program encouraged the two Nations to apply for Department of Justice grants to strengthen their justice systems and enhance the working relationships among participating government entities.[3] The evaluation concluded that slowly and with effort, positive improvements can be attained, despite a long history of mistrust. During 1999, NIJ continued developing its research portfolio on Indian Country crime and justice issues by building the capacity of researchers to work collaboratively with the elders in Indian Nations. For more information about NIJ's Indian Country portfolio: --Contact Winnie Reed, 202-307-2952, winnie@ojp.usdoj.gov. NIJ's Strategic Challenges NIJ conducts business through multiple approaches, but primarily through research and evaluation, technology development, and identification of effective programs and policies. Much of the Institute's work is guided by five strategic challenges: --Rethinking justice and the processes that create just communities. --Understanding the nexus between crime and its social context. --Breaking the cycle of crime by testing research-based interventions. --Creating the tools and technologies that meet the needs of practitioners. --Expanding horizons through interdisciplinary and international perspectives. Using Mapping Data to Solve Crime Problems One technology has emerged as a key planning and analysis device for community leaders: computerized mapping. Mapping has a long history as a tool to understand crime, but today's computer technology makes mapping much more powerful by making it possible to identify and predict patterns and watch trends develop, and to analyze criminal events in the context of other neighborhood features so that plans of action can be targeted more specifically to community needs and resources. NIJ's crime mapping activities during 1999 focused on continued outreach and dissemination of mapping technology and continued support for the development of research-based, data-driven policymaking. For more information about crime mapping: --Visit NIJ's Crime Mapping Research Center at http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/cmrc. --Visit NIJ's Crime Mapping and Analysis Program at http://www.nlectc.org/nlectcrm. --Download a copy of Vice President Al Gore's Task Force Report on Crime Mapping and Data-Driven Management, in which NIJ participated, by visiting http://www.npr.gov/ library/papers/bkgrd/crimemap/content.html. --Read Mapping Crime: Principle and Practice, by Keith Harries, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, 1999 (NCJ 178919). The report is available online in both HTML and PDF format or can be ordered through the National Criminal Justice Reference Service by calling 1-800-851-3420. --Join the Crime Mapping Research Center's listserv and post and respond to questions and receive announcements about upcoming conferences and new publications. Subscription instructions, as well as frequently asked questions and answers, are available at the Crime Mapping Research Center's Web page at http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/cmrc. --------------------------- Understanding the Nexus The existence of persistent relationships between crime and other social problems has been understood for several decades. Crime does not occur in a vacuum; it occurs within the context of a community's social, economic, and cultural context, which also contributes to the type of crime that occurs and the community's reaction to it. Under the theme of understanding the nexus, NIJ explores and further develops the theoretical linkages between criminal activity and other social phenomena, then verifies the correlations and temporal connections through empirical observation and analysis. Chicago Helps Reveal Nexus Between Crime and Neighborhoods Using Chicago as a laboratory, researchers are attempting to answer questions about the complex relationships among community, crime, delinquency, family, and individual development. The study, called the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods, is being conducted in partnership with the Harvard Medical School and is cofunded by the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, the U.S. Department of Education, the National Institute of Mental Health, and the Administration for Children, Youth and Families of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Among the study's most recent findings is that neighborhood disorder does not necessarily equate to a higher crime rate.[4] It is not the amount of litter, the extent of graffiti, or the number of broken windows that is likely to increase crime. It is concentrated poverty and an inability of neighbors to work together. The efforts of residents appear to be more effective than police-led cleanups in fighting crime. Neighborhoods with a high degree of resident cohesion are better able to deal with the problems that produce crime in the first place than neighborhoods that have similar economic and demographic characteristics but less cohesion. These findings support a related finding from the Chicago Project first announced in 1997, which noted that a community's cohesiveness offers insights into the social mechanisms that link neighborhood poverty and instability with high crime rates.[5] This cohesiveness, or "collective efficacy," is defined as mutual trust and a willingness on the part of neighborhood residents to help maintain public order where they live. Examples of collective efficacy include monitoring children's play groups; helping one another; and intervening to prevent juvenile truancy, street-corner loitering, and similar antisocial behavior. The researchers also found that collective efficacy is itself influenced by the extent of a neighborhood's residential stability. The Chicago study is devoting particular attention to early childhood and family economic conditions and how they are related to the services available in neighborhoods. The local environment has a crucial role in a neighborhood's educational, recreational, and child care services; the question of why similar environments affect children differently, depending on their age, gender, and ethnicity, is being examined. For more information about the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods: --Visit http://phdcn.harvard.edu, which offers brochures, news-letters, articles, and reports. Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring Program The National Institute of Justice's Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring (ADAM) program tracks trends in the prevalence and types of drug use among booked arrestees in 35 jurisdictions. ADAM collects data on 10 drugs (including cocaine, opiates, methamphetamine, and marijuana) and is the only national drug data program to report trends based on drug tests. ADAM data play an important role in assembling the national picture of drug abuse in the arrestee population. The data have been a central component in studying the links between drug use and crime. The data provided by the ADAM program allow analysts and policy-makers to view trends as they develop, potentially permitting earlier intervention against problems. One of ADAM's greatest strengths is that it gives communities the ability to monitor the dynamics of their own local drug patterns. Drug use in one community differs in important ways from drug use in another, and each jurisdiction can tailor its drug prevention and intervention policies accordingly.[6] The use of methamphetamine, for example, is highly localized. Opiate use, on the other hand, remains fairly stable across the country, although several communities, including New Orleans, Philadelphia, and St. Louis, show a growing rate of heroin use among young offenders. In addition to giving support to the 35 ADAM sites in the United States, NIJ/ADAM staff provide technical assistance to domestic and international affiliated sites, including Albany (New York) and Australia, Chile, England, Netherlands, Scotland, and South Africa. In 1998 (the latest year for which data are available), the ADAM program conducted interviews and drug tests with more than 30,000 recent arrestees in 35 metropolitan areas. A total of 20,716 adult males, 6,700 adult females, 3,134 juvenile males, and 434 juvenile females participated in the program during 1998. Twelve of the 35 sites (Albuquerque, Anchorage, Des Moines, Laredo, Las Vegas, Minneapolis, Oklahoma City, Sacramento, Salt Lake City, Seattle, Spokane, and Tucson) were added during 1998. For more information about ADAM: --Visit http://www.adam-nij.net. --Obtain a copy of ADAM's Annual Report and companion reports, 1998 Annual Report on Drug Use Among Adult and Juvenile Arrestees, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, April 1999 (NCJ 175656). Companion reports include: o Cocaine Use Among Arrestees (NCJ 175657). o Marijuana Use Among Arrestees (NCJ 175658). o Opiate Use Among Arrestees (NCJ 175659). o Methamphetamine Use Among Arrestees (NCJ 175660). --See also Meth Matters: Report on Methamphetamine Users in Five Western Cities, by Susan Pennell, Joe Ellett, Cynthia Rienick, and Jackie Grimes, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, April 1999 (NCJ 176331). --------------------------- Breaking the Cycle of Crime Much criminal justice activity centers on recurring problems. Crimes occur at the same locations month after month, with no apparent resolution. Police arrest offenders, many of whom are tried, sentenced, released, and then rearrested. In frustration, both criminal justice professionals and the media have coined such phrases as "revolving door justice," "career criminals," and "hot spots." To meet its strategic challenge of breaking the cycle of crime, NIJ encourages researchers and practitioners to experiment with pragmatic solutions to recurring criminal justice problems. This experimentation attempts to break the linkages between crime and social conditions previous research identified as connected to criminal activity, such as the connection between drug abuse and subsequent criminal behavior. Court-Enforced Drug Treatment Intervention NIJ's Breaking the Cycle (BTC) program is one of several efforts to sever the linkage between drug abuse and crime. BTC is funded by the Office of National Drug Control Policy through NIJ. The program applies research suggesting that outcomes from substance abuse testing and treatment will improve when reinforced by the coercive power of the justice system. Operating at three adult and one juvenile site, BTC tests the premise that continuous drug testing, treatment, and supervision--enhanced by proactive judicial involvement--will reduce defendants' and delinquents' level of drug use and will result in a decline in criminal behavior and in more effective use of criminal and juvenile justice resources. The program uses a collaborative, systemwide intervention strategy to identify and assess drug users as soon as possible after arrest, assign them to individualized treatment, monitor and supervise them, and levy sanctions or incentives, as appropriate. The court plays a pivotal role by: --Ordering drug testing and treatment. --Overseeing drug treatment and using its broad authority to impose and enforce pretrial conditions that address public safety. --Reviewing drug test results and treatment participation at each scheduled court hearing. --Applying leverage--both sanctions and incentives--to keep offenders in treatment and off drugs. Sanctions are graduated and imposed as soon as possible after a violation of judicial orders. Evaluation of BTC will determine, among other outcomes, whether it is lowering drug use among offenders, reducing their criminal behavior, improving their health and employment, and making more effective use of criminal justice and treatment resources. For more information about the Breaking the Cycle Demonstration: --Visit the BTC Web site at http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/brekprog.htm. --Contact Spurgeon Kennedy, 202-616-5121, kennedys@ojp.usdoj.gov. Focusing on Breaking the Juvenile Drug-Crime Cycle: What Works? An extensive literature review and interviews with experts in the field form the basis of an NIJ-funded report that summarizes knowledge about programmatic attempts to intervene in the juvenile drug-crime cycle and identifies interventions judged as having the greatest likelihood of success.[7] One indication of the importance of such interventions is that, in five large cities from 1996 through 1998, on average about 60 percent of booked juvenile arrestees (ages 9-18) tested positive for one or more illegal substances, according to findings of NIJ's Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring (ADAM) program. In the remaining seven ADAM sites, between 40 and 60 percent of booked juvenile arrestees tested positive in the 3-year period. The report cites an analysis of 200 studies of interventions targeting institutionalized and noninstitutionalized juveniles, most of whom were adjudicated delinquents who had records of prior offenses.[8] Noninstitutional interventions focused primarily on juveniles on probation or parole. Institutional interventions centered on youths incarcerated in juvenile justice facilities. Noninstitutional interventions showing consistent evidence of effectiveness were individual counseling (including multisystemic therapy and reality training), interpersonal skills training, and behavioral programs (including family counseling and contingency contracting). The analysis found that those interventions reduced recidivism by about 40 percent. Institutional interventions showing consistent evidence of effectiveness were interpersonal skills training (such as social skills development, aggression replacement, and cognitive restructuring) and community-based, family style group homes (including small behavior modification group homes with "teaching parents" and token economies). According to the analysis, those interventions could be expected to reduce recidivism by 34 to 38 percent. For more information about Juvenile Breaking the Cycle: --See Breaking the Cycle of Drug Abuse Among Juvenile Offenders, by D.C. McBride, C.J. VanderWaal, Y.M. Terry, and H. VanBuren, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, 1999 (NCJ 179273). Available only from NIJ's Web site at http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij. Substance Abuse Treatment in Correctional Facilities In a speech, former NIJ Director Jeremy Travis quoted a report published by the Office of National Drug Control Policy: "The fastest and most cost-effective way to reduce the demand for illicit drugs is to treat chronic, hardcore drug users. They consume the most drugs, commit the most crimes, and burden the health care system to the greatest extent. Without treatment, chronic hardcore users continue to use drugs and engage in criminal activity, and when arrested, they too frequently continue their addiction upon release. The cycle of dependency must be broken and the revolving door of criminal justice brought to a halt."[9] Reflecting such thinking is the Residential Substance Abuse Treatment (RSAT) for State Prisoners Formula Grant program, which provides funding for developing and implementing substance abuse programs in State and local correctional facilities and encompasses adults and juveniles.[10] The Office of Justice Programs' Corrections Program Office awards RSAT grants to the States and provides funds for NIJ to evaluate the program. NIJ's RSAT evaluation effort includes a national evaluation and 56 local process and outcome evaluations. They are designed to provide information about the kinds of programs implemented, the clients served, the barriers to implementation, and the behaviors of offenders who have entered RSAT programs compared to those who did not. Findings from the outcome evaluations will not be ready until the programs are more mature. Findings from the process evaluations include the following: --Primary treatment approaches include therapeutic community, cognitive skills/behavior, 12-step, and a combination of the foregoing. --All State survey respondents indicate that the RSAT initiative helped to increase substance abuse treatment capacity. --Treatment gains in prison are frequently lost after release if aftercare programs are not available in the community. --The need for the treatment programs to keep beds separate from the general prison population can be compromised by the prison's need for additional beds for the general population. For more information about the Residential Substance Abuse Treatment Program: --Contact Laurie Bright, 202-616-3624, bright@ojp.usdoj.gov. Returning to Society After Incarceration The vast majority of inmates return to society, many after years of separation from their families and communities. In 1999, more than 500,000 inmates were expected to be released from State prisons, about 200,000 more inmates than were in State prisons 20 years ago.[11] To that figure must be added those released from Federal prisons and local jails. The magnitude of those returns, coupled with their concentrations in poor, urbanized areas, presents significant challenges to lawmakers and community leaders. In collaboration with other agencies, NIJ is working with policymakers, judges, and correctional officials to fashion solutions to this large-scale reentry by inmates. Reentry partnerships, key components of the reentry initiative, are under development by NIJ, the Corrections Program Office, the Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, and the Executive Office of Weed and Seed. The partnerships will involve State correctional officials, local police agencies, and neighborhood-level community leaders. Partners will work with returning prisoners to create support networks and accountability systems to enhance the prospects for successful reintegration into the community. A call for concept papers on reentry courts has been issued. The role of the courts will be to oversee returning inmates and review their progress until the end of parole or other form of supervision. Reentry courts will act in much the same way as drug courts do now but will operate at the point of release, not at the point of arrest. Demonstration projects are expected to begin operating in fiscal year 2000. For more information about reentry initiatives: --Contact Amy Mazzocco, 202-305-2587, mazzocco@ojp.usdoj.gov. Sites for the Breaking the Cycle Demonstration Birmingham, Alabama Foster Cook Director, University of Alabama at Birmingham Treatment Alternatives to Street Crime Program 205-917-3784, ext. 231 Eugene, Oregon Stephen J. Carmichael Director, Lane County Department of Youth Services 541-682-4705 Jacksonville, Florida Judy Truett Director, City of Jacksonville Community Services Department 904-630-3632 Tacoma, Washington Terree Schmidt-Whelan Director, Pierce County Alliance 253-572-4750 --------------------------- Creating the Tools Few State and local criminal justice agencies possess adequate knowledge and resources to consistently develop, evaluate, and implement new and innovative techniques, practices, and technologies. As a result, these agencies may not be able to benefit from the advances in technology and techniques that improve the delivery of public safety services. Helping to remedy the situation are activities NIJ undertakes to meet another of its strategic challenges: creating the tools and technologies that meet the needs of practitioners. Nationwide System of Technology Centers In 1994, NIJ created a system of regional technology centers and specialty offices to respond to the needs of State and local law enforcement and corrections agencies for the latest technology information and assistance. The National Law Enforcement and Corrections Technology Center (NLECTC) system constitutes the only comprehensive Federal program to focus specifically on those needs. (See "NIJ's Regional Technology Centers.") The mission of the Centers is to: --Identify technologies that meet specific law enforcement or corrections requirements. --Develop minimum performance standards for equipment and technology. --Test equipment to ensure it meets minimum performance requirements. --Assist in the introduction and demonstration of new technologies. --Disseminate technology information to help agencies make informed purchasing decisions. --Provide science and engineering advice, support, and technical assistance to agencies. --Assist in building technology-related capacity within agencies, such as through train-the-trainer activities. --Help agencies acquire Federal surplus or excess property. --Help commercialize technologies. During 1999, the NLECTC system responded to more than 4,300 requests for technology assistance, distributed about 246,500 publications, and recorded approximately 225,000 user sessions on its JUSTNET Web site (http://www.nlectc.org). With facilities located nationwide, the NLECTC system receives guidance on its activities from the Law Enforcement and Corrections Advisory Council.[12] Each facility focuses on a different technology area and is colocated with or supported by a technology partner that can provide unique science and engineering advice and support. Despite individual specialties, the facilities work together to form a seamless web of support, technology development, and information. Less-Than-Lethal Technology Arresting a combative suspect, controlling a violent inmate, stop-ping a fleeing vehicle--these and similar situations run the risk of injury, even death, to law enforcement officers, offenders, suspects, and the general public. NIJ's less-than-lethal (LTL) program provides options that reduce the risk of injury or death. During 1999, NIJ funded the research and development of several LTL technologies: --Blunt trauma weapons. NIJ is funding research to validate a three-rib chest structure (like those used on crash dummies) to determine the probability of blunt trauma to the chest. NIJ also continues to fund the development of a device to launch the ring airfoil projectile, which was developed by the military in the 1970's. The donut-shaped device is nonlethal even when it hits a subject's head at very close range. A prototype hand-held launching device was successfully demonstrated in 1999. NIJ is funding efforts to make the projectile a pepper spray carrier and to develop a production-quality launch device to be field tested in 2001 (see "Pepper spray" below). --Electrical devices. An NIJ-funded review of research on electric stun devices (tasers, stun guns) to assess the health effects of a wireless taser called the electric stun projectile (developed with NIJ and DOD funding in 1997). This review revealed that virtually no laboratory testing on these devices has been published. Based on this finding, NIJ will fund the needed testing to determine the health effects of the electric stun projectile. --Pepper spray. Efforts are under way to determine whether pepper spray can be encapsulated in powder form and placed in a ring airfoil projectile that, upon impact, would release a cloud of pepper powder. --Light. NIJ helped fund a safety assessment of the laser dazzler, which generates a randomly flashing, green laser light to distract a subject. Based on the assessment, the laser dazzler is being modified, and NIJ plans to fund another safety assessment of the modified device. --Nets. NIJ funded the development of a prototype baton-launched net device to incapacitate fleeing offenders or noncompliant suspects or prisoners. The prototype was demonstrated to law enforcement audiences, and plans are under way to fund further development. For more information about NIJ's less-than-lethal program: --Contact Sandy Newett, 202-616-1471, newetts@ojp.usdoj.gov. Enhancing School Safety As part of the effort to address school safety concerns in many communities, NIJ, in coordination with the U.S. Department of Education's Safe and Drug-Free Schools Program, published a technology-oriented school safety guide in 1999. The Institute supported research required for preparation of the guide, which was prepared by Sandia National Laboratories. The guide, distributed to thousands of schools and law enforcement agencies, covers technologies applicable to some of the issues of school violence: video surveillance, weapon detection, entry control, and duress alarms. Urging thoughtful consideration of the potential safety benefits of the technologies once the risks and threats faced by any given school are assessed, the guide also recommends appropriate attention to the costs schools may incur for capital improvements, site modifications, additional staffing, training, and equipment maintenance and repair. For more information about technology for safe schools: --Read The Appropriate and Effective Use of Security Technologies in U.S. Schools: A Guide for Schools and Law Enforcement Agencies, by Mary W. Green, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, September 1999 (NCJ 178265). --Contact Trent DePersia, 202-305-4686, depersia@ojp.usdoj.gov. Standards Development The safety and legal consequences of equipment failing to meet adequate standards can range from inconvenient to catastrophic. Deficient equipment poses a danger to officers and adversely affects the public by increasing criminal justice costs, precluding arrests, or resulting in evidence subsequently found inadmissible in court. NIJ contributes to safer equipment by developing minimum performance standards for specially selected equipment and technology. NIJ also supports a voluntary program that tests products against those standards. NIJ's primary partner in standards development and product testing is the Office of Law Enforcement Standards at the National Institute of Standards and Technology, U.S. Department of Commerce. Among the accomplishments for 1999 are: --Creation of a stab-resistant body armor standard to address the danger embodied by sharp-edged and pointed instruments. The stab and slash threats posed by those weapons represent the primary threat to corrections officers and a secondary threat to police officers. --Update of the NIJ standard pertaining to ballistic resistance of police body armor. --Preparation of an NIJ guide on the selection and application of video surveillance equipment and of a standard pertaining to certain types of kits for preliminary identification of drugs of abuse. For more information about standards and performance guides: --Visit JUSTNET, the Web site of the National Law Enforcement and Corrections Technology Centers, at http://www.nlectc.org. Improving Public Safety Communications One of policing's most important functions is to use effectively and efficiently the tremendous amount of information pertinent to managing police resources and solving or preventing crimes. Yet, for example, police units from multiple departments engaging in a joint operation, such as a high-speed pursuit, frequently cannot communicate with one another directly as events are unfolding. This inability to communicate is called interoperability. It may result from use of different radio frequencies, varying and proprietary protocols or system architectures that are incompatible, outdated equipment, or operational restraints. NIJ is addressing interoperability problems through its AGILE program (Advanced Generation of Interoperability for Law Enforcement). During 1999, AGILE continued work on four principal components: --Supporting or seeding interoperability research and development. Planning is under way to invest in such technologies as high-bandwidth and wireless communications. --Testing, evaluating, and demonstrating technologies. NIJ has deployed a communications switch that links disparate radio systems so that over-the-air communication is now feasible among three police agencies. --Developing standards. The AGILE team is identifying existing standards related to interoperability so that a "suite" of open architecture standards can be used to procure interoperable equipment. The process for identifying, adopting, and when needed, developing standards is under way through partnership with the Office of Law Enforcement Standards. --Engaging in education and outreach. This will entail a public awareness campaign aimed at decisionmakers to emphasize the urgency of the interoperability problem, propose solutions, and facilitate multiagency cooperation. For more information about AGILE: --Read "Can We Talk? Public Safety and the Interoperability Challenge," by Brenna Smith and Tom Tolman, NIJ Journal, April 2000, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice (JR 000243). Online at http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/journals. --Contact Brenna Smith, 202-305-3305, askagile@ojp.usdoj.gov. Counterterrorism Technologies Congress charged NIJ with determining State and local law enforcement technology needs for handling terrorist activities and with developing technological solutions to respond to those needs.[13] NIJ completed its inventory of needs in 1997 and began development of relevant technologies in collaboration with its technology partners (the FBI and agencies of the Department of Defense). The technology development efforts are focusing on six areas: (1) technology that will screen for weapons and explosives; (2) information technology to better enable law enforcement agencies to anticipate, prevent, and recover from terrorist attacks; (3) technology to assist agencies in more effectively dealing with hostage-taking situations, such as improved nonlethal technology to neutralize hostage takers without injuring their captives; (4) cost-effective technology to help agencies more safely disable explosive devices; (5) technologies that better assist agencies in identifying an attack with chemical or biological weapons, surviving it, and continuing to protect and defend the public; and (6) development of standards required to test and assess new technologies. Either under development or already commercialized are a number of counterterrorism products, such as an advanced electromagnetic weapons detection portal (operational in Bannock County, Idaho); a hand-held system using ultrasound to detect concealed weapons; a product for disabling large explosive devices; a concrete-penetrating portable radar for tracking the movement of individuals behind exterior or interior building walls; a computer-based portable system that diagnoses explosive devices in real time and transmits x-ray images of them via modem to experts at remote sites for analysis; an information sharing system (operational in South Florida); and a PC-based, inter-active training tool for bomb technicians. For more information about NIJ's counterterrorism activities: --Visit NIJ's counterterrorism Web site at http://www.ojp.usdoj. gov/nij/sciencetech/counter.htm. --Read Inventory of State and Local Law Enforcement Technology Needs to Combat Terrorism, by Hollis Stambaugh, Chris Tillery, and Philip Schaenman, Research in Brief, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, January 1999 (NCJ 173384). Available at the NCJRS Web site at http://www.ncjrs.org/pdffiles/ 173384.pdf. --Contact Pete Nacci, pnacci@darpa.mil. Training Law enforcement and corrections officers repeatedly cite the need to improve the quality, availability, and frequency of their training, but attempts to meet that need are often thwarted by budget constraints. Using advanced training technology tools can be a relatively low-cost alternative or supplement to conventional training methods. NIJ is funding the development of several technology-based training tools and an Internet-accessible database, the Law Enforcement Instructional Technology Information System (LEITIS), to catalog training curricula. An example of technology-based training is the Bomb Threat Training Simulator, a multimedia package in CD-ROM format that shows officers who are first on the scene how to conduct bomb threat assessments, including evaluating the situation, searching, and evacuating. An alpha version was developed and tested, and plans are under way to test a beta version. Another CD-ROM training tool, developed by NIJ and the FBI, is a computer-based, interactive method for instructing technicians in the highly dangerous and delicate process of dismantling bombs. This tool is intended as a refresher course, supplementing basic training for bomb technicians. Now under development with funding from NIJ, the Weapons Team Engagement Trainer is a high-tech, interactive simulation system. Focusing on weapons team responses, the engagement trainer simulates various scenarios, such as those calling for rescuing hostages, using force, clearing rooms and buildings, and dealing with threats to school security. A prototype is being used by the Los Angeles Sheriff's Department, and plans are under way to evaluate the training. Other CD-ROM training tools being developed with NIJ funding cover techniques for dealing with computer crime, collecting blood evidence, and using global positioning systems. NIJ plans to evaluate these tools and bring them to the beta level. In addition to using technology to train officers, NIJ supports training in how to use technology. One example was an event that took trainees out of classrooms and put them into realistic scenarios so they could use their knowledge and new technologies. Sponsored by NIJ, Sandia National Laboratories, and NLECTC-Rocky Mountain, the 10-day train-the-trainer event assembled 160 bomb experts to practice using new technologies on about 150 mock bombs. After teams of hand-picked bomb technicians reacted to several complex scenarios, instructors offered evaluations. With support from the NLECTC system's Office of Law Enforcement Technology Commercialization, conversion of an abandoned prison into a state-of-the-art training facility for corrections, law enforcement, and other public safety personnel is under way. Already the site for two mock prison riots to demonstrate the use of new corrections technologies, the facility will offer year-round, hands-on training for Federal, State, and local corrections, law enforcement, fire, and emergency response personnel. It will showcase new and emerging technologies and help put them into the hands of end users. For more information about training and training simulation technologies: --Visit http://www.nlectc.org. --Contact Sandy Newett, 202-616-1471, newetts@ojp.usdoj.gov. Forensic Improvements DNA evidence was first introduced into criminal court proceedings in 1986, and now every State in the Nation allows the introduction of this kind of evidence by statute or court rule. States are now permitting the testing of DNA samples of different categories of convicted offenders to support a national database so that DNA also can be harnessed for its power to solve new crimes. Legislative decisions to create a national database--called CODIS-- have created a backlog of at least a half million DNA samples of convicted offenders that have not been analyzed and entered into the database. NIJ's investment to upgrade and improve State and local DNA laboratory capabilities now approaches $40 million, but the capacity of labs to conduct DNA analysis has not yet reached a point at which they can keep up with the ever-increasing demand. NIJ also is supporting the development of technology that will make DNA analysis a routine, inexpensive, and highly flexible crime-solving tool. Over the past 4 years, NIJ has undertaken a DNA research initiative, budgeted at approximately $5 million a year, with three ambitious goals: to make DNA tests affordable ($10 per test versus $50), timely (taking seconds, rather than hours), and portable (onsite, rather than in a far-off laboratory). NIJ is the primary Federal agency funding forensic science research and development in support of State and local law enforcement. This activity involves rethinking how forensic and investigative methods are applied. NIJ first assembles a small planning group to define the needs and develop initial strategies and to steer a larger group of content-area experts. Collectively, over many months, the members of the working groups (in some cases, with as many as 40 or more specialists) develop guides and training criteria for disciplines within the field of forensic sciences. During 1999, NIJ produced several products as a result of this process: --Crime Scene Investigation: A Guide for Law Enforcement, January 2000 (NCJ 178280). --Death Investigation: A Guide for the Scene Investigator, November 1999 (NCJ 167568). --Eyewitness Evidence: A Guide for Law Enforcement, October 1999 (NCJ 178240). For more information about NIJ's forensics and investigative sciences portfolio: --Contact Lisa Forman, 202-307-6608, formanl@ojp.usdoj.gov. NIJ's Regional Technology Centers The NLECTC system consists of a national center, four regional centers, and four special offices: --National (Rockville, Maryland). Serves as the system's hub and provides information and referral services, manages a voluntary equipment standards and testing program, prepares product lists of equipment meeting specific performance standards, and operates the JUSTNET Web site. The National Center also publishes TechBeat, a quarterly newsletter that reports on developments in technology for criminal justice applications. --Northeast (Rome, New York). Focuses on technologies related to command and control, concealed weapons detection, computer forensics, secure communications, and audio and image processing. --Southeast (Charleston, South Carolina). Focuses on corrections technologies and surplus property acquisition, information management and technologies, simulation training, and school safety vulnerability assessments. --Rocky Mountain (Denver, Colorado). Focuses on communications interoperability and technology for detecting and neutralizing explosive devices, and administers the Crime Mapping and Analysis Program. --West (El Segundo, California). Focuses on technologies pertaining to analysis and enhancement of audio, video, and photographic evidence; offers access to analytic instrumentation to aid criminal investigations; and provides expertise in computer architecture, data processing, communications systems, and identification of technologies to stop fleeing vehicles. The four special offices are: --Border Research and Technology Center--BRTC (San Diego, California). Works with Federal, State, and local law enforcement agencies along the U.S. borders and focuses on technologies to improve border enforcement activities. --National Center for Forensic Science (Orlando, Florida). Conducts fundamental research into the nature of fire and explosion reactions and supports the development of standard protocols for analyzing arson and explosion debris. --Office of Law Enforcement Standards--OLES (Gaithersburg, Maryland). Develops minimum performance standards for equipment and technology, conducts research leading to the publication of technical reports and equipment guides, and develops methods for measuring analytical techniques and standard reference materials for forensic scientists and crime laboratories. --Office of Law Enforcement Technology Commercialization (Wheeling, West Virginia). Facilitates the commercialization of technologies by working with industry, manufacturers, and laboratories. The NLECTC system also receives support from federally funded technology partners who provide unique science and engineering advice and support. These partners include the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Sandia National Laboratories, Savannah River Technology Center, and Space and Naval Warfare Systems Center. For more information about the NLECTC system: --Visit JUSTNET, the Web site for the National Law Enforcement and Corrections Technology Center, at http://www.nlectc.org. --Contact Marc Caplan, 202-307-2956, caplanm@ojp.usdoj.gov. National Commission on the Future of DNA Evidence The National Commission on the Future of DNA Evidence is an independent panel coordinated by NIJ. The Commission is charged with reviewing critical policy issues involved in the development and use of DNA technologies. Over the course of its charter, the Commission will review critical policy issues regarding DNA evidence and recommend courses of action to improve its use as a tool of investigation and adjudication in criminal cases. The Commission is addressing five specific areas: --The use of DNA in postconviction relief cases. --Legal concerns, including privacy considerations. --Training and technical assistance tools for criminal justice professionals involved in the identification, collection, and preservation of DNA evidence at the crime scene. --Essential laboratory capabilities in the face of emerging technologies. --The impact of future technological developments on the use of DNA in the criminal justice system. A final report is expected in late 2001. For more information about the DNA Commission: --Visit the National Commission's Web site at http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/dna. --Postconviction DNA Testing: Recommendations for Handling Requests, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, September 1999 (NCJ 177626). Available on the DNA Commission's Web site. --"What Every Law Enforcement Officer Should Know About DNA," September 1999 (BC 000614). Available on the DNA Commission's Web site. --------------------------- Expanding the Horizons Under the theme of expanding horizons, NIJ looks past the traditional definitions and relationships and into developing trends. These trends include new forms of criminal enterprises and marketplaces--such as cybercrime, Russian organized crime, and smuggling of humans across international boundaries. During fiscal year 1999, NIJ continued to consider betterways to describe and classify criminal events, identify new threats to public safety, and find new approaches that law enforcement can adopt (or adapt) to solve and prevent crimes. International Center Like many aspects of our lives--transportation, communications, economic affairs--crime has taken on a global dimension. The same changes and advances that make international travel, communication, and business transactions easier and more common also facilitate the movement of criminal behavior across borders. Criminal justice officials today are increasingly asked to deal with offenses and offenders whose origins and connections lie outside the country: trafficked prostitutes from Southeast Asia and the former Soviet Union, migrant workers being exploited in sweatshops and farm fields, an array of credit card and banking frauds, automobiles stolen for shipment overseas, and gun smuggling. NIJ's International Center stimulates and facilitates research and evaluation on transnational crime and justice issues and disseminates the knowledge gained throughout the national and international criminal justice communities. Among the many initiatives the International Center undertook during 1999, two deserve special attention: --Affiliation with the United Nations. NIJ is a member of the UN's program network institutes. This network of regional centers provides a wide array of research, technical assistance, and anticrime information to countries around the globe. The International Center is NIJ's principal liaison with the institutes. Center staff have played a major role in assisting the UN to mount studies of transnational organized crime, corruption, and human trafficking. --Partnership with Ukraine. Under the framework created by the joint United States-Ukraine commission, called the Gore-Kuchma Binational Commission and funded with $1.1 million from the State Department, American and Ukrainian researchers are collaborating on joint studies of organized crime, economic crime, drug trafficking, and human trafficking in Ukraine. The research is important for many reasons, foremost because it is in America's best interest to prevent crimes that originate in Ukraine--whether they be organized crime or general trafficking of women, children, drugs, arms, or nuclear materials--before they spill over the borders into Europe and the United States.[14] For more information about NIJ's International Center: --Visit the International Center Web site at http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/international. --Contact the International Center at 202-307-2942, intlcntr@ojp.usdoj.gov, or Director James O. Finckenauer at 202-616-1960. --Visit the World Justice Information Network Web site at http://www.justinfo.net. Electronic Crime The explosive growth in Internet commerce, e-mail, and electronic technology has created an abundance of new opportunities for criminal activity. Hackers are capable of disrupting commercial operations and inflicting substantial financial losses. Online pedophiles and stalkers prey on youngsters in chat rooms. White-collar criminals are adept at electronic money laundering. Criminals may employ electronic media and communication systems as a means to perpetrate their crimes, or alternatively, may attack electronic media and communications systems as the target of their crimes. Law enforcement needs to better understand the nature of electronic crime, to comprehend rudimentary aspects of electronic technologies, and to investigate electronic evidence. During 1999, NIJ assessed the needs of State and local law enforcement to combat electronic crime. The findings, which were based on input from 126 representatives from 50 States, are anticipated in summer 2000. Also during 1999, NIJ assisted the U.S. Secret Service and the International Association of Chiefs of Police with the publication of a pocket-sized guide for investigating electronic crime. The booklet, "Best Practices for Seizing Electronic Evidence," is intended for use by law enforcement officers and investigators who are responsible for gathering electronic evidence at the crime scene. An initial printing was done in fall 1999; a second printing is anticipated in summer 2000. Through the Office of Law Enforcement Standards, NIJ is working with the Secret Service, the FBI, and the National Cybercrime Training Partnership to produce a series of seven quick reference guides for handling electronic investigations. These guides will include information provided by field investigators, crime lab analysts, and litigation experts who come together through a working group formed by NIJ. The series will cover evidence handling, from crime scene awareness to courtroom presentation, and will have the following themes: managing technology, handling evidence at the crime scene, analyzing evidence, investigative use of technology, investigating technology-based crime, setting up a forensic lab, and presenting electronic evidence in the courtroom. Also under development is computer software to ensure that forensic software tools provide consistent, accurate, and objective test results. The capability to validate forensic software will establish software configuration standards against which various operating software and applications software may be compared for authenticity. Validation testing is being developed by the National Institute of Standards and Technology, with investigative expertise being provided by the Department of Defense Computer Forensics Laboratory. Finally, work was initiated to create a National Software Library, which will initially contain known file filters and other support software for the FBI's Automated Computer Examination System forensic software. In time, other computer forensic software tools, including commercial off-the-shelf versions, as well as software validation standards, may be available in the library. For more information on electronic crime: --Read "Best Practices for Seizing Electronic Evidence," prepared by the International Association of Chiefs of Police and the U.S. Secret Service with support from NIJ. Available at http://www.treas.gov/usss/electronic_evidence.htm. --Contact Amon Young, 202-514-4338, young@ojp.usdoj.gov. ----------------------------- Sharing Information One of NIJ's mandates is to disseminate findings to State and local agencies. NIJ reaches its audiences primarily through print and electronic media and through conferences and other face-to-face meetings. Making Information Available Through NCJRS When useful research findings are validated, they should be disseminated vigorously to State and local agencies. That is why NIJ, in response to its congressional mandate, created the National Criminal Justice Reference Service (NCJRS) in 1972 as its national clearinghouse of information. NCJRS has become one of the world's most extensive sources of information on criminal and juvenile justice. Under NIJ's management, it has grown into a collection of clearinghouses supporting all agencies allied as part of the Office of Justice Programs. Other partners include the White House's Office of National Drug Control Policy and the Federal Emergency Management Agency. NCJRS's bricks-and-mortar library contains copies of more than 160,000 publications. An online database contains abstracts of these publications. NCJRS's virtual library contains electronic versions of all documents published by NIJ since the mid-1990's. During fiscal year 1999, NCJRS distributed 8.6 million documents via mail and accommodated more than 7.8 million visits to the NCJRS Web site. Also during the year, NCJRS added an events calendar to its repertoire of services. Visit NCJRS at http://www. ncjrs.org. Making Data Available Through the Data Resources Program NIJ's Data Resources Program was established to ensure the preservation and availability of research and evaluation data collected through NIJ-funded research. Data sets collected through NIJ-funded research are archived and made available to others in order to support new research to replicate original findings or test new hypotheses. NIJ grantees have deposited more than 200 data sets at the National Archive of Criminal Justice Data at the University of Michigan. Much of the data can be downloaded from the Internet. Visit the National Archive of Criminal Justice Data at http://www.icpsr.umich.edu/ NACJD/home.html. Publishing Activities NIJ uses two primary publishing mediums: print and electronic. A list of the 115 documents, videos, and solicitations published in 1999 can be found in Appendix C or by visiting NIJ's Web site at http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij. Many are announced in the NCJRS catalog, which is published quarterly, and in the e-mail newsletter, JustInfo, which is delivered to subscribers twice a month. During fiscal year 1999, NIJ revamped its repertoire of print publications in three ways: (1) The NIJ Journal, a quarterly periodical for policymakers and practitioners, was redesigned and more features were added, (2) plans were made to launch a peer-reviewed scholarly periodical for researchers, and (3) steps were taken to publish the Research Review, a quarterly bulletin listing all recently received final grant reports. Meetings, Conferences, and Other Gatherings NIJ uses planning meetings, focus groups, and technical working groups to gather information, learn from the field, and help focus the Institute's research agenda. Gatherings of professionals stimulate thinking, generate new ideas, and provide valuable two-way, face-to-face interaction. To convey early findings and give researchers a chance to present their data, NIJ hosts Research in Progress seminars approximately 10 times per year. Videotapes of the Research in Progress lectures are made available through NCJRS. The Perspectives on Crime and Justice lecture series brings widely respected scholars to Washington, D.C., for candid discussion of provocative issues in crime policy. The lectures challenge conventional wisdom, stimulate lively discussion, and bring new perspectives to the policy debates that occur in our capital city and in other communities across the country. Videotapes of the lectures and the collected papers are made available through NCJRS. The lectures in fiscal year 1999 included: --Mark A.R. Kleiman, University of California, Los Angeles, "Getting Deterrence Right: Applying Tipping Models and Behavioral Economics to the Problems of Crime Control," December 3, 1998. --Felton Earls, Harvard Medical School, "Men and Fathers in the Community," February 4, 1999. --Sissela Bok, Harvard Center for Population and Development Studies, "Violence, Free Speech, and the Media," April 12, 1999. --James B. Jacobs, New York University Law School, "Dilemmas of Corruption Control," May 18, 1999. Key NIJ Conferences During FY 1999 (Due to limited space, only some key conferences and events held during fiscal year 1999 are listed here.) --Annual Conference on Research and Evaluation, "Enhancing Policy and Practice," July 18-21, 1999, Washington, D.C. NIJ's premier conference highlighted current research in the field from both the researcher and practitioner perspectives. --National Conference on Science and the Law, April 15-16, 1999, San Diego, California. The goals of the conference were to improve the understanding of physical and social scientific evidence among scientists, attorneys, and judges and to foster questions for future research on the role of science and scientists in the criminal justice system. --Third Annual ADAM Conference, April 28-30, 1999, Chicago, Illinois. This gathering brought together representatives from 35 domestic and 6 international ADAM sites to share information about the updated ADAM interview instrument, program methodology, communication and dissemination strategies, outreach to rural areas, and crime mapping applications. --Third Annual Mock Prison Riot, May 2-5, 1999, Moundsville, West Virginia. This event, which takes place each year at a former maximum security penitentiary, showcased existing or emerging technologies for corrections and demonstrates their application in a realistic setting. --Fourth Annual Conference on the Future of DNA Evidence: Implications for the Criminal Justice System, May 3-4, 1999, Albuquerque, New Mexico. This conference highlighted important advances in the technologies, methods, and practices of forensic sciences. --Technologies and Tools for Public Safety in the 21st Century, May 26-28, 1999, Orlando, Florida. This conference showcased the technologies and training tools available for law enforcement, fire, medical, and emergency services personnel to safely and efficiently respond to terrorist threats and acts. --Sentencing and Corrections Challenges National Workshop, June 10-11, 1999, Palm Springs, California. More than 400 policymakers, researchers, and practitioners, representing 50 States, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico, discussed a range of complex issues and problems the States face in shaping sentencing and corrections policies. --Third Annual Crime Mapping Research Conference, December 11-14, 1999, Orlando, Florida. Presentations demonstrated the practical utility of Geographic Information Systems for justice and related agencies and described and evaluated innovative uses of computerized mapping for both practical applications and theory testing. Notes 1. The Office of the Associate Attorney General, the Criminal Division, Executive Office for U.S. Attorneys; the Office of Intergovernmental Affairs, the Office of Community Oriented Policing Services; and the offices and bureaus of the Office of Justice Programs. 2. Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, Bureau of Justice Statistics, Bureau of Justice Assistance, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, and the Executive Office for Weed and Seed. 3. Program operations were funded by BJA. The evaluation was funded by NIJ. 4. Sampson, Robert J., and Stephen W. Raudenbush, "Systematic Social Observation of Public Spaces: A New Look at Disorder in Urban Neighborhoods," American Journal of Sociology, 105, no. 3 (November 1999):603-652 (NCJ 181623). 5. Sampson, Robert J., "Neighborhoods and Violent Crime: A Multilevel Study of Collective Efficacy," Science 277 (August 15, 1997):2-25 (NCJ 173119). 6. For example, in 1998, 33 percent of adult arrestees in San Diego tested positive for methamphetamine. By contrast, methamphetamine use was nonexistent in New York City. In Miami, 53 percent of male arrestees tested positive for cocaine use, while in San Jose only 8 percent of that group tested positive. 1998 Annual Report on Drug Use Among Adult and Juvenile Arrestees, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, April 1999 (NCJ 175656). 7. McBride, D.C., C.J. VanderWaal, Y.M. Terry, and H. VanBuren, Breaking the Cycle of Drug Abuse Among Juvenile Offenders, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, 1999 (NCJ 179273). This report is available from NIJ's Web site only (http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij). 8. Lipsey, M.W., and D.B. Wilson, "Effective Intervention for Serious Juvenile Offenders: A Synthesis of Research," in Serious and Violent Juvenile Offenders: Risk Factors and Successful Interventions, ed. by R. Loeber and D.P. Farrington, Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications, 1998. Loeber and Farrington's book is the final product of the Study Group on Serious and Violent Juvenile Offenders, convened by the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, Office of Justice Programs, U.S. Department of Justice. 9. Travis, Jeremy, "Framing the National Agenda: A Research and Policy Perspective," speech to the National Corrections Conference on Substance Abuse Testing, Sanctions, and Treatment, New Orleans, April 23, 1997. More recently, Director Travis commented, "...We know that treatment works, by which we mean that individuals who participate in treatment programs are less likely to use drugs after completion of those programs than comparable individuals who did not participate in such programs. And we know that, with this reduction in drug use, we also see reductions in criminal behavior. So we can say that treatment works and can endorse the phrase that General McCaffrey uses to such great effect, 'If you hate crime, you should love treatment.'" Excerpt from "Addressing Drug Abuse in the Justice Context: The Promise and the Challenge," speech to the National Assembly on Drugs, Alcohol Abuse, and the Criminal Offender, Washington, D.C., December 7, 1999. (Text of speeches is available at http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/speeches.htm.) 10. The Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994 authorized the RSAT program. States applying for funding under the program must agree to implement or continue to require proven, reliable forms of drug and alcohol testing of offenders who either are participating in the program in correctional facilities or have been released from the program but remain in the custody of the State. The RSAT program encourages States to provide relapse prevention and aftercare services. 11. Travis, J., "Prisons, Work, and Reentry," Corrections Today, October 1999. See also Travis, J., "Addressing Drug Abuse in the Justice Context: The Promise and the Challenge," speech to the National Corrections Conference on Substance Abuse Testing, Sanctions, and Treatment, New Orleans, April 23, 1997. 12. Council members represent Federal, State, and local criminal justice agencies; labor organizations; and national and international criminal justice organizations. The Council identifies law enforcement and corrections equipment needs, recommends priorities, reviews NLECTC programs, and recommends ways to improve the programs' relevance to the needs of NLECTC's clientele. 13. Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996. 14. Ukraine is the third largest recipient of U.S. foreign aid, is a supporter of American interests in the former Soviet Union, and is a repository of significant nuclear capability. The United States has invested heavily in law enforcement training in Ukraine, and American policymakers and law enforcement participants need to know how effective the training has been. --------------------------- Appendixes Appendix A Organization and Financial Data NIJ's internal organization, shown in exhibit 1, "Organization of NIJ," reflects the discrete missions of each component of the Institute: --The Office of the Director sets the Institute's agenda, develops strategic plans and policies, initiates collaboration with other government and private agencies, and oversees the Institute's budget and management activities. --The Office of Development and Communications develops and tests research-based programs, brings promising new practices to the attention of the field, and communicates findings and technological innovations through multiple methods. Priority is given to the needs of State and local officials and criminal justice practitioners. The new International Center focuses on crime and justice issues that transcend national boundaries and have impact on State and local criminal justice systems. --The Office of Research and Evaluation develops, conducts, directs, and supervises comprehensive research and evaluation activities. The range of research and evaluation cuts across a wide array of distinct topics within the Institute's charter. Three programs operate as distinct centers of activity: the Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring (ADAM) program; the Crime Mapping Research Center; and the Data Resources Program, which ensures the preservation and availability of research and evaluation data collected through NIJ-funded research. --The Office of Science and Technology directs and supervises technology research, development, and demonstrations to provide law enforcement and corrections agencies access to the best technologies available. It also provides technology assistance so that these agencies can enhance their capabilities to improve efficiency and effectiveness. Technology assistance is provided through the network of the regional National Law Enforcement and Corrections Technology Centers. Exhibit 1: Organization of NIJ As of May 1, 2000 Exhibit 2: Growth of NIJ's Research and Development Portfolio, FY 1994-99 Exhibit 3: Sources of NIJ Funds, in Millions, FY 1994-99 Exhibit 4: Allocation of NIJ Funds as a Percentage of Total Expenditures,* FY 1999 --------------------------- Appendix B: Awards Made in Fiscal Year 1999 Corrections Assessing Mental Health Problems Among Serious Institutionalized Delinquents California Youth Authority Rudy Haapanen $10,000 98-CE-VX-0024 Assessing Suicide Risk and Behaviors Among Incarcerated Inmates University of Kansas Center for Research, Inc. Margaret E. Severson $49,996 99-IJ-CX-0016 Developing Countywide Assessment in Los Angeles County Rand Corporation Susan Turner $87,778 99-IJ-CX-K008 Effect of Privatization on Juvenile Correctional Institutions University of Maryland-College Park Doris MacKenzie $63,899 99-IJ-CX-0061 Evaluation of Hampden County Correctional Centers Abt Associates Inc. Theodore M. Hammett $299,978 99-IJ-CX-0047 An Evaluation of Neighborhood-Based Supervision in Washington Washington State University Faith E. Lutze $59,973 99-CE-VX-0007 Evaluation of the CHANGE Program and Its Impact on Inmates Ferris State University Shannon M. Barton $49,016 99-CE-VX-0006 Examination of Privatization in the Federal Bureau of Prisons Abt Associates Inc. Douglas McDonald $674,982 99-IJ-CX-K018 Identifying Effective Correctional Programs for Female Felony Offenders Michigan State University Merry A. Morash $82,114 96-IJ-CX-0021 International Assessment of Birth Cohort Research University of North Carolina- Charlotte Paul C. Friday $121,117 99-IJ-CX-0048 Management Practices for Young Inmates in Adult Prison Abt Associates Inc. Dale Parent $299,827 99-CE-VX-0002 Religion and Postrelease Community Adjustment Florida State University Melvina Sumter $19,592 99-IJ-CX-0001 Strategic Threat Group Program Evaluation Arizona Department of Corrections Daryl Fischer $183,146 99-CE-VX-0004 Telemedicine Technology for Corrections Applications U.S. Department of the Navy, Space and Naval Warfare Systems Center, Charleston Jerry A. Koenig $300,000 98-IJ-CX-A014 Courts The American Terrorism Study: Patterns of Behavior University of Alabama- Birmingham Brent L. Smith $49,964 99-IJ-CX-0005 Drug Court Evaluation: Phase II Abt Associates Inc. Terence Dunworth $345,236 97-DC-VX-K002 Effect of Implementation of Indigent Defense Standard National Legal Aid and Defender Association Scott Wallace $48,221 99-IJ-CX-0049 Public Opinion on the Courts: National Portrait and Interpretation National Center for State Courts Victor Flango $159,933 99-IJ-CX-0021 Crime Mapping Applications of Geographic Analysis in Parole and Probation University of Maryland-Baltimore County Keith Harries $59,488 99-CE-VX-0005 Continuing Development of Crimestat Spatial Statistics Ned Levine & Associates Ned Levine $86,595 99-IJ-CX-0044 SCRAM: Streamlined Reporting Laramie (Wyoming), City of Bryan Vila $84,614 99-IJ-CX-0027 A Spatial Analysis of Rural Crime in Appalachia James G. Cameron $113,350 99-LT-VX-0001 Crime Prevention Crime Prevention, General Analyzing Variation in Local Life Circumstances and Involvement in Crime Temple University Alex Piquero $19,127 99-IJ-CX-0058 Community Readiness and Intervention Colorado State University Pamela J. Thurman $192,213 99-WT-VX-K007 Community Safety Law Roger L. Conner, NIJ Visiting Fellow $319,377 99-IJ-CX-0002 Determining the Effects of Neighborhood Peers and Family Duke University Kenneth C. Land $34,980 99-IJ-CX-0035 Evaluating the Impact of Multijurisdictional Task Forces Abt Associates Inc. Terence Dunworth $462,058 99-DD-BX-0034 The Jersey City Police Foundation Safe Schools Partnership Police Foundation David Weisburd $258,039 99-LT-VX-K018 New Estimates of the Cost of Crime: A Hedonic Valuation Vanderbilt University William Alan Bartley $21,825 99-IJ-CX-0006 Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods Harvard University Felton J. Earls $2,200,000 93-IJ-CX-K005 Strategic Approaches to Community Safety Initiative The Strategic Approaches to Community Safety Initiative (SACSI) is a problem-solving, information-driven approach intended to reduce crime in five pilot sites. SACSI enhances the effectiveness of U.S. Attorneys, working in partnership with Federal, State, and local criminal justice agencies, community- based organizations, government agencies, and a research partner. SACSI involves several key steps: forming an interagency working group, gathering information and amassing knowledge about a local crime problem to understand the problem fully, designing a strategy and intervention to tackle the problem, implementing the interventions, and evaluating and modifying the strategy as necessary. National Evaluation of SACSI University of Illinois Dennis P. Rosenbaum $449,210 99-IJ-CX-K013 Indianapolis Target problem: homicide (particularly drug-related homicide) and gun violence. Planning Component Hudson Institute Ed McGarrell $49,993 99-DD-BX-K003 Research Component Hudson Institute Ed McGarrell $249,092 99-IJ-CX-K002 Memphis Target problem: sexual assault. Research Component Memphis State University Richard Janikowski $249,967 99-IJ-CX-K007 New Haven Target problem: gun-related crime and community fear. Planning Component Spectrum Associates Market Research, Inc. Eliot Hartstone $27,854 99-JN-FX-K003 Research Component Spectrum Associates Market Research, Inc. Eliot Hartstone $250,000 99-IJ-CX-K001 Portland Target problem: youth gun violence, with special attention to 15- to 24-year-olds and the role of alcohol in youth-related violence. Research Component The Reed Institute Stefan J. Kapsch $250,000 99-IJ-CX-0025 Winston-Salem Target problem: violent and assaultive crime committed by youth, age 17 and younger. Planning Component North Carolina Juvenile Justice Council Sylvia Oberle $50,000 99-DD-BX-K004 Research Component Wake Forest University Julie B. Cole $249,758 99-IJ-CX-K003 Drugs and Crime Drugs and Crime, General Assessment of a Drug Screening Instrument Texas Christian University Kevin Knight $79,757 99-MU-MU-K008 Drug Markets on the Lower East Side of Manhattan John Jay College Research Foundation of the City University of New York Richard Curtis $249,240 99-IJ-CX-0010 Drugs, Incarceration, and Neighborhood Life John Jay College Research Foundation of the City University of New York Dina Rose $65,555 99-CE-VX-0008 Evaluating New Hampshire Department of Corrections Drug Testing Programs University of New Hampshire John Humphrey $164,292 99-DD-BX-K009 Evaluation of Breaking the Cycle: Florida, Alabama, and Washington The Urban Institute Adele Harrell $1,688,276 97-IJ-CX-0013 Evolution of Drug Markets Temple University George Rengert $261,047 99-IJ-CX-K005 Illicit Drugs: Price Elasticity of Demand and Supply Abt Associates Inc. Terence Dunworth $299,999 99-IJ-CX-K004 Impact of Alcohol Policies on Incidence of Violent Crime Florida State University David W. Rasmussen $161,127 99-IJ-CX-0041 Informal Social Control of Crime in High Drug Use Neighborhoods University of Kentucky Research Foundation Barbara D. Warner $268,926 99-IJ-CX-0052 Juvenile Breaking the Cycle Lane County (Oregon) Department of Youth Services Stephen Carmichael $2,000,000 99-IJ-CX-K017 Juvenile Breaking the Cycle Evaluation Research Triangle Institute Richard E. Strowd $699,856 99-IJ-CX-0032 Substance Abuse, Medication Adherence, and Criminality University of California-Los Angeles David Farabee $299,961 99-CE-VX-0003 Understanding the Nexus Between Alcohol, Drugs, and Crime in Two Indian Communities University of New Mexico Philip A. May $87,625 99-MU-MU-0023 Use and Evaluation of Hair Analysis and Ion Mobility Orleans Parish District Attorney Thomas Mieczkowski $182,362 99-IJ-CX-0018 Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring (ADAM) Program Assessing and Improving the Value of ADAM for Drug Policy Rand Corporation Jonathan Caulkins $24,950 99-IJ-CX-K006 Monitoring the Marijuana Upsurge With Drug Use Forecasting/ADAM Arrestees National Development & Research Institutes, Inc. Andrew Golub $25,000 99-IJ-CX-0020 Pathological Gambling in Arrestee Populations University of Nevada-Las Vegas Richard McCorkle $137,629 99-IJ-CX-K011 Residential Substance Abuse Treatment (RSAT) Program 15-Month Process Evaluation of Adult and Juvenile RSAT in Kansas National Council on Crime and Delinquency Michael A. Jones $60,000 99-RT-VX-K015 24-Month Impact Evaluation of Kansas RSAT Programs National Council on Crime and Delinquency Michael A. Jones $100,000 99-RT-VX-K022 Evaluation of the Barrett Juvenile Correctional Center for Juveniles Virginia Commonwealth University Jill A. Gordon $99,380 99-RT-VX-K024 Evaluation of the Crossroad to Freedom House and Peer I Therapeutic Communities University of Colorado-Colorado Springs Kelli J. Klebe $100,000 99-RT-VX-K021 and $44,777 99-RT-VX-K011 Evaluation of the Pine Lodge Treatment Program Washington State University Pretha Phillips $99,566 99-RT-VX-K001 Evaluation of Prison-Based Drug Treatment in Pennsylvania Temple University Wayne N. Welsh $171,684 99-CE-VX-0009 Evaluation of the Seeking Safety Substance Abuse and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Treatment Program Butler Hospital Caron Zlotnick $75,251 99-WT-VX-0004 Four Tier IV Connecticut Department of Corrections RSAT Programs Central Connecticut State University Susan E. Pease $99,402 99-RT-VX-K019 Georgia Department of Corrections Local Evaluations of RSAT Georgia Department of Corrections Audrey Moffett $60,000 99-RT-VX-K008 Impact of an Intensive Continuum of Care for Parole Violators Vera Institute of Justice, Inc. Douglas Young $99,985 99-RT-VX-K014 Investigating Gender-Appropriate, Corrections-Based Drug Treatment Programs Delaware Criminal Justice Council Arthur Garrison $48,658 99-RT-VX-K016 Local Evaluation of Arkansas Therapeutic Community University of Arkansas at Little Rock Deborah Laufersweiler-Dwyer $57,611 99-IJ-CX-K015 Local Outcome Evaluation of the RSAT for State Prisoners Massachusetts Executive Office of Public Safety Diana Brensilber $99,925 99-RT-VX-K026 New Jersey Evaluation of the RSAT for State Prisoners New Jersey Department of Corrections Mario Paparozzi and Robert McCormack $100,000 99-RT-VX-K018 Ohio RSAT Outcome Evaluation Ohio Office of Criminal Justice Services Edward J. Latessa $99,861 99-RT-VX-K025 The Other Way Outcome Evaluation University of Iowa Remi Cadoret $99,554 99-RT-VX-K010 Outcome Assessment of Correctional Treatment Texas Christian University Matthew L. Hiller $99,400 99-RT-VX-K027 Outcome Evaluation of the Forever Free Substance Abuse Treatment Program University of California Michael Prendergast $100,000 99-RT-VX-K003 Outcome Evaluation of the Rhode Island RSAT Program Brown University Craig Love $99,874 99-RT-VX-K002 Outcome Evaluation of the Texas Youth Commission RSAT University of Texas-Austin William R. Kelly $89,962 99-RT-VX-K009 Outcome Evaluation of the WAR Program University of New Mexico Paul Gverin $100,000 99-RT-VX-K006 Process Evaluation of Four Tier IV Connecticut Department of Corrections RSAT Programs Bridgeport Futures Initiative, Inc. Susan Pease $58,742 99-RT-VX-K012 Process Evaluation of Maine's Intensive Residential Therapeutic Community and Transitional Treatment Facility National Development & Research Institutes, Inc. Josephine Hawke $59,959 99-RT-VX-K013 Process Evaluation of New Hampshire Summit House Program University of New Hampshire Suzanne McMurphy $59,995 99-RT-VX-K005 Process Evaluation of the RSAT Program at Minnesota's Correctional Facility Marquette University Todd Campbell $59,448 99-RT-VX-K007 Process Evaluation of SARGE--A North Carolina RSAT Program National Development & Research Institutes, Inc. Robert Hubbard $59,994 99-RT-VX-K017 RSAT Program of the New Hampshire Department of Corrections University of New Hampshire Suzanne McMurphy $99,631 99-RT-VX-K020 RSAT for State Prisoners Partnership Process Evaluation Boise State University Mary K. Stohr $59,990 99-RT-VX-K004 State of New Jersey Local Evaluation of RSAT for State Prisoners New Jersey Department of Corrections Mario Paparozzi and Robert McCormack $60,000 99-RT-VX-K023 Information Dissemination and General Support Annual Review of Justice Research Castine Research Corporation Michael Tonry $199,113 92-IJ-CX-K044 Committee on Law and Justice Core Support National Academy of Sciences Faith Mitchell $245,000 98-IJ-CX-0030 Communicating Research Findings: Assessing the Communication Strategies and Products of NIJ The Gallup Organization Don Beck $249,793 99-IJ-CX-0019 Planning Conference for Thematic Crime and Justice Volume on Transnational Crime Castine Research Corporation Michael Tonry $30,672 99-IJ-CX-0039 Publishing the Documents of the Lyon Group of Senior Experts Rule of Law Foundation Sergey Chapkey $79,634 99-IJ-CX-0057 International Research Assessing the Fit Between U.S.-Sponsored Training and the Needs of Ukrainian Police Agencies Police Executive Research Forum Dennis Jay Kenney $245,328 99-IJ-CX-0026 Building the Rule of Law Information Network in Moldova Rule of Law Foundation Sergey Chapkey $245,366 99-IJ-CX-0063 and $154,714 99-IJ-CX-0065 Community-Oriented Policing in Poland John Jay College Research Foundation of the City University of New York Maria Haberfeld $18,951 99-IJ-CX-0042 Criminal Violence in Russia State University of New York- Albany Mark A. Pridemore $34,867 99-IJ-CX-0009 Criminology and Criminal Justice in Post-Soviet Ukraine University of Kansas Center for Research, Inc. Todd Foglesong $49,787 99-IJ-CX-0012 The Internet Studio: Building the Infrastructure Rule of Law Foundation Sergey Chapkey $724,002 98-IJ-CX-K004 Social Organization of Human Trafficking California State University-San Marcos Sheldon Zhang $203,977 99-IJ-CX-0028 A Study of Scope, Character, and Impact of the Phenomenon of Transnational Crime Yuriy A. Voronin, International Visiting Fellow $61,680 99-IJ-CX-0014 Urban Policing in the Democratic Third World University of Connecticut Frederick P. Roth $15,000 99-IJ-CX-0066 Policing Policing, General Lessons in Projecting Police Reform Abroad State University of New York- Albany David Bayley $74,753 99-IJ-CX-0055 North Carolina Highway Traffic Study North Carolina State University Matt Zingraff $397,231 99-MU-CX-0022 Police Officer Hiring and Retention The Urban Institute Jeffrey Roth $250,000 99-IJ-CX-0011 Potential Sources of Observer Bias in Police Studies State University of New York- Albany Richard J. Spano $19,770 99-IJ-CX-0059 Problem-Oriented Policing and Crime Prevention at NIJ Anthony A. Braga $52,189 99-IJ-CX-0023 Searching for Legal Domination Northwestern University Gail Stein $15,000 99-IJ-CX-0045 Social Research--Getting It Right for Practitioners and Policymakers Gloria Laycock, NIJ Visiting Fellow $161,999 99-IJ-CX-0050 Community Policing Enhancement and Dissemination of Findings of the National Evaluation of COPS The Urban Institute Alexandra Ferguson $546,742 95-IJ-CX-0073 and Jeffrey Roth $118,967 99-IJ-CX-0007 Longitudinal Evaluation of Chicago's Community Policing Program Northwestern University Wesley G. Skogan $575,764 94-IJ-CX-0046 Variation in Community Policing Activities Across Neighborhoods University of Cincinnati Frank James $20,053 99-IJ-CX-0017 Corrections and Law Enforcement Family Support Corrections and Law Enforcement Family Support: Organizational Impacts of Community-Oriented Policing Sacramento County Deputy Sheriff's Association Darryl Petersen $92,030 99-FS-VX-0004 Corrections and Law Enforcement Family Support Program Middlesex (Massachusetts), County of James V. DiPaola $73,041 99-FS-VX-0006 Corrections and Law Enforcement Family Support (CLEFS) Program Robert P. Delprino, Visiting Fellow $67,235 99-FS-VX-0002 Development and Evaluation of a Training Program for Officers and Their Spouses Lubbock (Texas) Police Department Dena Morris $99,887 99-FS-VX-0005 Family Support Program New Mexico Department of Corrections Alan Shuman $77,884 99-FS-VX-0001 Reducing Correctional Officer and Family Stress Ohio Department of Rehabilitation and Correction Horst Gienapp $100,000 99-FS-VX-0003 Schools Security Technologies Guide U.S. Department of Energy, Sandia National Laboratories Mary W. Green $50,000 97-IJ-CX-A072 Sentencing Dangerousness and Incapacitation: Sentencing Policy in California University of California-Riverside Kathleen Auerhahn $7,022 99-IJ-CX-0043 District of Columbia Truth-in-Sentencing Study The Urban Institute William J. Sabol $699,960 98-CE-VX-0006 Paradoxes of Neutrality Northeastern University Amy Farrell $15,000 99-IJ-CX-0064 Separating and Estimating the Effects of Federal Sentencing University of Nebraska-Omaha Paula Kautt $15,000 99-IJ-CX-0054 Survey of Citizen Perceptions Toward Corrections and Sentencing Vanderbilt University Mark A. Cohen $191,719 99-CE-VX-0001 Technology Development Officer Protection and Crime Prevention Technologies Assessment of Southwest Border States Anti-Drug Information System SEASKATE, Inc. E.A. Burkhalter, Jr. $103,096 99-IJ-CX-K012 Demonstration of the Use of an Encapsulated Perfluorocarbon Vapor Taggant to Track and Detect Currency or Contraband Tracer Detection Technology Corporation Jay Fraser $99,727 99-LT-VX-K008 Electronic Supervision Tools: Improving Practice and Technology Council of State Governments/ American Probation & Parole Association Carl Wicklund $108,459 99-LT-VX-K001 Evaluation of Thermal Imagers for Law Enforcement Operations Raytheon TI Systems, Inc. Frank Bates $50,000 98-LB-VX-K001 Evaluation of Vehicle-Stopping Electromagnetic Prototype Devices Phase III JAYCOR Defense Sciences Group Duncan Stewart $78,780 99-LT-VX-K003 Intelligent Security Integration System Chang Industry, Inc. Barry Bradshaw $203,730 99-LT-VX-K024 Preliminary Evaluation of Technology to Deliver Pepper Spray via a Ring Airfoil Projectile Chemical Delivery Systems, Inc. Victor Crainich $99,700 99-IJ-CX-K019 A Proposal to Develop a Software Tool for Enhancing School Safety Abt Associates Inc. Terence Dunsworth $214,588 99-LT-VX-K017 Public Acceptance of Police Technologies Institute for Law and Justice, Inc. Thomas McEwen $99,859 93-IJ-CX-K012 Racine Security Management Project Racine Unified School District Karen Albeck $100,358 99-LT-VX-K013 Ring Airfoil Projectile System for Less-Than-Lethal Application Guilford Engineering Associates, Inc. David Findlay $299,182 97-IJ-CX-K019 ROAD SENTRY Vehicle-Stopping Prototype Electrostatic Discharge Device Non-Lethal Technologies, Inc. David Pacholok $12,370 99-LT-VX-K005 Safe School Technologies Mei Technology Company William Walsh $150,000 99-LT-VX-K015 School Security Pilot Program U.S. Department of Energy, Sandia National Laboratory Mary W. Green $100,000 99-JS-FX-A082 Southwest Border States Anti-Drug Information System Criminal Information Sharing Alliance Glen Gillum $8,899,376 97-LB-VX-K009 Technical Support for the Concealed Weapons Detection and Through the Wall Surveillance Program: The Interferometric Impulse Radar Study U.S. Air Force Research Laboratory Information Directorate David Ferris $1,577,000 98-MU-MU-A062 Voice Command Mobile Phone Technology for Community Policing Integrated Wave Technologies, Inc. John H. Hall $168,549 99-LT-VX-K007 Investigative and Forensic Sciences Forensics, General Development of a PCR-Based Forensic Typing System for Genetic Individualization of Domestic Cats National Institutes of Health, Laboratory of Genomic Diversity Barbara Holder $265,570 99-IJ-CX-A079 Firearms Identification System Department of Defense, Office of Special Technology James Lawrence $150,000 99-LT-VX-A065 Fluorescence Imaging Tools for Law Enforcement U.S. Department of Energy, Sandia National Laboratories David R. Sandison $100,000 97-LB-VX-A071 Fourth International Conference on Forensic Statistics North Carolina State University Mitzi Sheridan $20,000 99-IJ-CX-K016 Handwriting Identification: Research to Study Validity of Individual Handwriting and Development of Computer-Assisted Procedures State University of New York- Buffalo Sargur N. Srihari $428,328 99-IJ-CX-K010 Medicolegal Death Investigator Guidelines and Training Project Occupational Research and Assessment, Inc. Steven C. Clark $276,750 98-LB-VX-0007 National Auto Image Database Federal Bureau of Investigation Richard Voder Bruegge $150,000 99-LT-VX-A101 National Center for Forensic Science University of Central Florida Carrie Whitcomb $1,077,874 98-IJ-CX-K003 Reflective Imaging and Processing of Fingerprints Albuquerque, City of John Krebsbach $40,000 99-LT-VX-K014 Support to the 15th Meeting of the International Association of Forensic Sciences International Association of Forensic Sciences Barry A.J. Fisher $100,000 98-LB-VX-0011 Teleforensics Applications National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Goddard Space Flight Center Jacob I. Trombka $140,000 99-LB-VX-A007 Teleforensics Demonstration Project: Phase II New York State Police, Forensic Investigative Unit Captain Gerald M. Zeosky $197,000 98-IJ-CX-A051 DNA 5-Year Plan Chip-Based Genetic Detector for Rapid Identification of Individuals Nanogen, Inc. Tina Nova $799,692 97-LB-VX-0004 Database With 5,000 New Human mtDNA Sequences Federal Bureau of Investigation Joseph DiZinno $300,000 99-LT-VX-A100 Development of DNA-Based Identification Techniques for Forensic Entomology, Phase 2 University of Alabama- Birmingham Jeffrey Wells $115,366 99-IJ-CX-0034 Development of New Analytical Buffer Systems for the Separation and Analysis of PCR-Amplified DNA Ohio University Bruce McCord $165,278 99-IJ-CX-K014 Development of Rapid, Immobilized Probe Assay for the Detection of mtDNA Variation Children's Hospital-Oakland Research Institute Kathleen H. Hogue $355,589 96-IJ-CX-0028 Discrimination of Forensic Glasses via Trace Element Analysis by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry U.S. Department of Energy, Lockheed Martin Energy Research, Oak Ridge National Laboratory Scott A. McKenney $158,942 97-MU-MU-A077 The DNA Commission U.S. Department of Justice, Executive Office for U.S. Attorneys Roslyn Young $105,800 99-IJ-CX-A033 Evolution of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNP's) for Human Identification Use University of Texas-Houston David N. Stivers $103,056 98-LB-VX-0010 Forensic DNA Typing Using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography American University Cathy Samuels $54,996 99-IJ-CX-0033 Identification and Analysis of Polymorphic Alu Repeats Louisiana State University Medical Center, School of Dentistry Mark Batzer $257,534 99-IJ-CX-K009 Microdevice for Automated, Ultra-High-Speed, and Portable DNA Forensics Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research Daniel J. Ehrlich $899,110 98-LB-VX-K022 Validation of PCR-Based DNA Typing Databases for Forensic Use University of Texas-Houston Ranajit Chakraborty $96,704 96-IJ-CX-0023 DNA Laboratory Improvement Program The following awards represent an ongoing NIJ effort to enhance the DNA analysis capabilities of State and local crime laboratories across the country. Projects focus on installation and upgrade of lab-oratory equipment, implementation of a national DNA database, development of faster methods of DNA typing, and training for analysts. Development of a Database to Help in Solving Sexual Assault Cases for Which There Is No Suspect North Louisiana Criminalistics Laboratory Patrick W. Wojtkiewicz $136,855 99-DN-VX-0015 Development and Implementation of the West Virginia STR CODIS Database Marshall University Research Corporation Terry W. Fenger $2,000,000 98-DN-VX-K001 DNA Data Bank of Convicted Felons for Specified Crimes in Puerto Rico Institute of Forensic Sciences Lyvia A. Alvarez $407,048 99-DN-VX-0005 DNA Improvement Project Wisconsin Department of Justice Jerry Geurts $660,760 99-DN-VX-0016 DuPage County Forensic DNA Laboratory Improvement Program DuPage (Illinois) County Sheriff's Department Douglas Saul $72,473 99-DN-VX-0004 Enhancement of the DNA/ CODIS Program in the Utah Bureau of Forensic Services Utah Department of Public Safety Criminalistics Laboratory Pilar Shortsleeve $117,805 99-DN-VX-0011 Enhancement of STR Capabilities New Hampshire Department of Safety Melisa A. Weber $44,123 99-DN-VX-0006 Equipment and Training for DNA Evidence Analysis Charlotte, City of Roger Thompson $43,800 97-IJ-CX-0016 Establishment of DNA PCR/STR Analysis Facility With CODIS Site Baltimore, City of Edgar F. Koch $271,128 99-DN-VX-0008 Expand Felon DNA Databank Program for the State of Alabama Alabama Department of Forensic Sciences Elaine Scott $247,300 98-DN-VX-0021 Expansion of DNA Services North Carolina Department of Justice Mark S. Nelson $493,180 99-DN-VX-0002 Expansion of Statewide DNA Typing Capabilities Colorado Bureau of Investigation Kevin Humphreys $269,932 99-DN-VX-0014 Forensic DNA Laboratory Expansion St. Louis Metropolitan Police Department Harold R. Messler $141,009 99-DN-VX-0012 Forensic DNA Laboratory Improvement Program: Implementation of STR Analysis Harris County (Texas) Medical Examiner's Office Joseph Mathew $124,090 99-DN-VX-0013 Improvement of Capability to Analyze DNA Virginia Department of Criminal Justice Services Deanne F. Dabbs $250,000 98-DN-VX-0018 Improvement and Expansion of Forensic DNA Analysis Philadelphia Police Department Thomas Banford $193,266 99-DN-VX-0009 Improvement and Expansion of the Pennsylvania State Police DNA Laboratory Pennsylvania State Police Christine S. Tomsey $302,016 99-DN-VX-0001 Increasing DNA Sample Throughput: Enhanced Specimen ID and Processing Coupled With STR Analysis Vermont Department of Public Safety Eric Buel $60,000 97-DN-VX-0007 Kansas Forensic DNA Laboratory Improvement Program Kansas Bureau of Investigation Sidney Schueler $201,672 97-IJ-CX-0015 Louisiana State Police DNA Analysis Improvement Program Frank L. Tridico $259,895 97-DN-VX-0012 Massachusetts State Police/ Boston Police DNA Laboratory Improvement Project Massachusetts State Police Carl M. Selavka $387,930 97-DN-VX-0015 Montgomery County Police Department DNA/Serology Laboratory Project Montgomery County Department of Police Richard P. Gervasoni $76,682 99-DN-VX-0003 Nebraska DNA Identification Laboratory II Nebraska State Patrol John Dietrich $95,031 97-DN-VX-0002 New York Statewide Integrated DNA Program New York State Division of Criminal Justice Services Kenneth J. Konzak $600,000 97-IJ-CX-0021 North Dakota Department of Health Crime Laboratory Division DNA Project North Dakota Department of Health Hope R. Olson $33,858 98-DN-VX-0030 Northern Illinois Police Crime Lab Forensic DNA Analysis Program Northern Illinois Police Crime Laboratory Reena Roy $171,218 98-DN-VX-0011 Offender Core Loci Analysis Program Indiana State Police Paul B. Misner $202,032 99-DN-VX-0007 Ohio Statewide Consortium DNA Grant Ohio Attorney General Bureau of Criminal Identification & Investigation Roger Kahn $375,155 97-DN-VX-0009 Phoenix Police Department DNA Analysis Enhancement Program Phoenix Police Department Susan D. Narveson $344,000 99-DN-VX-0017 Prince George's County Police Department DNA/Serology Laboratory Project Prince George's County Government Michael Ricucci $56,137 98-DN-VX-0028 Rhode Island Forensic DNA/Robotics Laboratory Improvement Project Rhode Island Department of Health David B. Uliss $128,649 99-DN-VX-0010 South Carolina State DNA Offender Database Program South Carolina Law Enforcement Division Matthew G. Fitts $3,000,000 97-DN-VX-0006 Validation and Implementation of PCR-STR Analysis and CODIS Site Establishment Baltimore County Police Department Karen L. Irish $56,181 98-DN-VX-0015 Less-Than-Lethal Incapacitation Applicability of Nonlethal Weapons Technology in Schools DynMeridian Corporation Michael Heaney $80,846 99-LT-VX-K023 Biomechanical Assessment of Nonlethal Weapons Wayne State University Cynthia Bir $49,935 98-LB-VX-K017 Biomechanical Assessment of Nonlethal Weapons Wayne State University Cynthia Bir $148,447 98-LB-VX-K017 Communication and Information Technologies Adaptive Surveillance: A Novel Approach to Facial Surveillance for CCTV Systems Visionics Corporation Kirsten Rudolph $246,146 99-LT-VX-K020 Advanced Generation of Interoperability for Law Enforcement (AGILE) U.S. Air Force Research Laboratory Information Directorate Jack Mineo $1,591,950 99-LT-VX-A034 AGILE Executive Forum Coordination International Association of Chiefs of Police G. Matthew Snyder $49,875 99-LT-VX-K012 Bringing the Dispatcher to the Scene With Panoramic Imaging and Remote Video Transmission InterScience, Inc. Jeffrey Beckstead $72,850 99-IJ-CX-K020 Central New York Law Enforcement Network Air Force Research Laboratory Information Directorate Jack Mineo $1,000,000 99-IJ-CX-A043 COPLINK--Database Integration and Access for a Law Enforcement Intranet Tucson, City of Jennifer Schroeder $230,176 97-LB-VX-K023 Development of a Voice Translator for School Police Language Systems, Inc. Christine Montgomery $150,000 99-LT-VX-K025 Establish and Publish a Suite of Very Narrow Band 6.25 KHz Standards Association of Public Safety Communications Officials International, Inc. Craig M. Jorgensen $100,000 97-LB-VX-K002 Innovative Spatial Phase Video Sensor Enhancements Photon-X Blair Barbour $74,625 99-LT-VX-K016 Law Enforcement Data Mining Using the Baltimore/ Washington High-Intensity Drug Trafficking Area University of Maryland-College Park Thomas H. Carr $1,421,816 99-LT-VX-K010 Real-Time Computer Surveil-lance for Crime Detection University of Maryland-College Park Larry Davis $124,229 99-LT-VX-K019 Software Radio Interoperation Device Vanu, Inc. Andrew Beard $291,469 99-LT-VX-K009 Surveillance Tools for Safer Schools Indiana University-Indianapolis Herb Blitzer $399,916 99-LT-VX-K011 Training and Simulation Technologies Explosives Detection and Remediation Research and Evaluation U.S. Department of Defense, Office of Special Technology Jeffrey David $1,510,000 97-DT-CX-A068 Incident Command Operations Exercise U.S. Army Training and Doctrine Command Analysis Center Mel Parish $30,000 99-LT-VX-A057 Kentucky Advanced Technology Tools for Law Enforcement Eastern Kentucky University Pamela Collins $1,250,000 99-LT-VX-K006 Law Enforcement Technology Dissemination and Training Eastern Kentucky University James Thurman $288,417 99-LT-VX-K002 National Assessment of Technology and Training for Law Enforcement Eastern Kentucky University Pamela Collins $300,000 99-LT-VX-K022 Training Technology Development and Implementation U.S. Department of Defense, Naval Air Warfare Center Janet Weisenford $629,250 97-IJ-CX-A042 Counterterrorism Technologies Advanced Technology Needs for Countering Terrorism Potomac Institute for Policy Studies Dave Siegrist $10,000 99-DT-CX-K002 Body Cavity Screening System Quantum Magnetics, Inc. Peter Czipott $266,984 98-DT-CX-K005 Demonstration and Assessment of a Chemical Agent Detector Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority Barry J. McDevitt $150,000 99-DT-CX-A032 Demonstration of a Concealed Weapons Detection System Using Electromagnetic Resources AKELA, Inc. Allan R. Hunt $298,995 97-IJ-CX-K013 Standards for X-Ray Systems for Bomb Disarmament Department of Defense, Office of Special Technology James Lawrence $40,000 99-DT-CX-A068 Program Assessment, Policy, and Coordination Assessment of an Explosively Formed Penetrator (Flying Plate) U.S. Department of the Navy, Naval Surface Warfare Center Marc Magdinec $105,848 97-DT-CX-A074 Joint Program Steering Group Projects at Space and Naval Warfare Systems Center, Charleston U.S. Department of the Navy, Space and Naval Warfare Systems Center, Charleston Jerry A. Koenig $2,327,000 97-IJ-CX-A013 Law Enforcement/Corrections Technology and Policy Assessment SEASKATE, Inc. E.A. Burkhalter, Jr. $486,212 96-MU-MU-K016 Office of Law Enforcement Standards U.S. Department of Commerce, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Office of Law Enforcement Standards Kathleen M. Higgins $1,350,548 99-IJ-CX-A094 Systems Engineering and Technical Assistance Support to NIJ U.S. Department of Defense, Intelligence Systems Support Office John B. Salvatori $2,182,956 96-LB-VX-A038 Technology Assessment Program U.S. Department of Commerce, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Office of Law Enforcement Standards Kathleen M. Higgins $364,000 94-IJ-CX-A004 Technology Assistance Technology Assistance, General Law Enforcement and Corrections Technology and Policy Liability Assessment SEASKATE, Inc. E.A. Burkhalter, Jr. 259,719 96-LB-VX-K006 Law Enforcement Technology Dissemination Eastern Kentucky University Tom Thurman $124,619 99-DT-CX-K001 Sandia National Laboratories Test Facility U.S. Department of Energy, Sandia National Laboratories Debra D. Spencer $350,000 97-LB-VX-A004 Technology Conference Support Center for Technology Commercialization, Inc. James Scutt $39,992 99-LT-VX-K021 Technology Information Exchange for State and Local Law Enforcement International Association of Chiefs of Police Jerry Needle $199,998 99-LT-VX-K004 Working With Technology in Corrections American Correctional Association William Taylor $75,000 96-LB-VX-K004 National Law Enforcement and Corrections Technology Centers NIJ's National Law Enforcement and Corrections Technology Centers (NLECTC) offer centralized sources of product and technology information, assessment, and referral services to law enforcement, corrections, and other criminal justice professionals. The awards in this group continue the operation of NLECTC to provide support through information and technologies both as outreach and general support activities. Border Research and Technology Center U.S. Department of Energy, Sandia National Laboratories Chris Aldridge $924,000 99-LB-VX-A031 and U.S. Department of the Navy, Space and Naval Warfare Systems Center, San Diego John Bott $814,299 96-IJ-CX-A036 National Center NLECTC Aspen Systems Corporation Dave Hart $2,954,684 96-MU-MU-K011 Northeast Region NLECTC Air Force Research Laboratory Information Directorate John Ritz $1,780,000 96-IJ-CX-A032 Rocky Mountain Region NLECTC University of Denver-Colorado Seminary Robert Epper $2,395,083 96-MU-MU-K012 Southeast Region NLECTC U.S. Department of the Navy, Space and Naval Warfare Systems Center, Charleston Steve Morrison $150,000 96-IJ-CX-A010 and South Carolina Research Authority Tommy Sexton $2,018,637 97-MU-MU-K020 Western Region NLECTC Aerospace Corporation Robert Waldron $1,641,735 96-MU-MU-K006 Governance and Technology Delivery Processes for NLECTC and Its User Communities Pymatuning Group, Inc. Ruth M. Davis $379,000 98-LB-VX-0001 Oak Ridge National Laboratory Technical Support U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge National Laboratory Donna Phillips $32,780 98-LB-VX-A075 Operation of the Office of Law Enforcement Technology Commercialization Wheeling Jesuit University Carole Coleman $2,800,000 98-IJ-CX-K002 Support for NIJ Surplus Property Program Ultimate Enterprises Limited Bill LeGro $245,760 96-LB-VX-K002 Victimization and Victim Services Criminal Victimization of Parolees: Effects and Failures Pennsylvania State University Barry Ruback $284,739 99-VF-GX-0010 Effects of Prosecutorial Policies on Victim Empowerment and Outcomes Georgia State University Research Foundation Mary A. Finn $230,945 99-WT-VX-0008 Extending Findings From Repeat Victimization: The Nexus Police Executive Research Forum Deborah Lamm Weisel $199,445 99-IJ-CX-0046 National Impact Evaluation of Victim Service Programs The Urban Institute Martha Burt $799,990 99-WT-VX-0010 National Study of Procedures Undertaken After an Institution of Higher Education Receives a Report of Campus Sexual Assault Education Development Center, Inc. Debra Whitcomb $574,818 99-WA-VX-0008 Victims With Disabilities National Academy of Sciences Faith Mitchell $170,000 99-IJ-CX-0031 Violence Violence, General Childhood Antecedents of Adolescent and Adult Crime and Violence New York State Psychiatric Institute Patricia Cohen $242,973 99-IJ-CX-0029 Nonfatal Workplace Violence Epidemiology: Risk Factors University of Nebraska-Lincoln David O'Neil Washington $15,000 99-IJ-CX-0062 Violence Against Women and Family Violence Battered Women, Battered Children Education Development Center, Inc. Debra Whitcomb $191,504 99-WT-VX-0001 Beliefs and Perceptions About Domestic Violence: The Effects of Individual, Contextual, and Community Factors State University of New York-Albany Alissa P. Worden $29,506 98-WT-VX-0018 Change and Associated Treatment Outcomes in Assaultive Men Southern Methodist University Christopher Eckhardt $225,564 99-WT-VX-0012 Child Custody and Visitation When Father Batters Mother New England Research Institutes, Inc. Allison Morrill $249,963 99-WT-VX-0013 Community Partnership Models Addressing Violence University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio Rachel A. Rodriguez $236,136 99-WT-VX-0011 Domestic Violence and Child Aggression University of Houston Renee McDonald $249,961 99-WT-VX-0009 The Effects of Welfare Recipiency on Domestic Violence University of Minnesota Samuel L. Myers $119,450 99-WT-VX-0003 Evaluating the Domestic Violence Enhanced Response Team Program in Colorado Springs 21st Century Solutions Craig Uchida $25,114 98-WE-VX-K010 Evaluating Domestic Violence Programs in Clinton County Plattsburgh State University Lynda Ames $71,317 99-WE-VX-K010 Evaluation of a Coordinated Response to Domestic Violence San Diego Association of Government Susan Pennell $7,978 98-WT-VX-K014 Evaluation of Grants to Encourage Arrest Policies for Domestic Violence Iowa Department of Corrections Roxann M. Ryan $71,076 99-WE-VX-K011 Evaluation of a Multisite Demonstration for Enhanced Judicial Oversight The Urban Institute Adele Harrell $499,954 99-WT-VX-K005 Examination of Developmental Antecedents Among Blacks Wichita State University Jana L. Jasinski $13,387 98-WT-VX-0017 Exposure to Family Violence and Adjustment in Correctional Institutions University of Maryland-College Park Angela R. Gover $15,000 99-IJ-CX-0051 Impact Evaluation of STOP Grant Programs for Reducing Violence Against Women University of Arizona Eileen M. Luna $10,992 98-WT-VX-K010 Investigating the Roles of Context, Meaning, and Method in Violence Against Women Georgia State University Research Foundation Sarah Cook $358,194 99-WT-VX-K008 Mandatory Custody Mediation San Diego State University Foundation Dennis Saccuzzo $249,913 99-WT-VX-0015 National Evaluation of the STOP (Services Training Officers Prosecutors) Formula Grant Program The Urban Institute Martha Burt $95,999 95-WT-NX-0005 Native American Women's Safety and the Criminal Justice System Minnesota Program Development, Inc. Thomas Peacock $190,050 99-WT-VX-K006 Next Millennium Conference: Ending Domestic Violence Chicago Abused Women Coalition Vickii Coffey $50,000 99-WT-VX-0002 Partners' Drug and Alcohol Use, Mediating Factors, and Violence Against Women University of Oklahoma, Health Sciences Center on Child Abuse and Neglect Nancy Nisbett $186,752 99-WT-VX-K003 Protection of Women: Health and Justice Outcomes (Phase 2) University of Washington Marsha Wolf $250,000 99-WT-VX-0014 Researcher-Practitioner Partnership Pennsylvania State University Jennifer A. Mastrofski $17,854 99-WE-VX-0032 Responding to Domestic Violence in Southern Illinois Southern Illinois University Joan McDermott $74,999 99-WE-VX-K006 Sacramento Batterer Treatment Experiment: Stage II Data California State University-Sacramento Carole Barnes $130,000 99-IJ-CX-K021 Social and Neighborhood Risks of Violence Toward Women Columbia University Jeffrey Fagan $114,909 99-WT-VX-0005 Understanding the Link Between Violence Against Women and Women's Subsequent Criminal Behavior University of Illinois-Chicago Beth Richie $186,012 99-WT-VX-0006 Violence and Threats of Violence Against Women in America Center for Policy Research Patricia G. Tjaden $12,000 93-IJ-CX-0012 Women's Experience With Violence Memphis State University Phyllis Betts $338,448 99-WT-VX-0007 Firearms Developing Problem-Solving Interventions Harvard University Mark Moore $293,245 99-IJ-CX-0015 Evaluation of the Youth Firearms Violence Initiative Abt Associates Inc. Marianne Beauregard $299,981 95-IJ-CX-0069 The Situational Role of Firearms in Violent Encounters University of Nebraska-Omaha Mary Laura Farnham $23,455 99-IJ-CX-0004 Youth Youth, General Childhood Victimization and Delinquency Washington Department of Social and Health Services Diana J. English $11,581 97-IJ-CX-0017 Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children in the United States, Mexico, and Canada University of Pennsylvania Richard Estes $232,089 99-IJ-CX-0030 Competence-Related Abilities of Juveniles University of South Florida Jenine C. Boyd $14,010 99-IJ-CX-0003 Comprehensive Overview of Community Youth Sanctioning Models Florida Atlantic University Mara Schiff $179,626 99-IJ-CX-0060 Dreams, Drugs, and Gangs Vera Institute of Justice, Inc. Pedro Mateu-Gelabert $48,786 99-IJ-CX-0024 Effect of Juvenile Justice System Processing University of Colorado-Boulder David Huizinga $174,121 99-IJ-CX-0037 Evaluation of the Youth Curfew in Prince George's County, Maryland The Urban Institute Caterina Gouvis $49,765 99-IJ-CX-0008 Juvenile Accountability Incentive Block Grant Program Abt Associates Inc. Dale Parent $499,838 99-JR-VX-K006 Network Approach for Understanding Adolescent Delinquency Pennsylvania State University Dana Haynie $18,774 99-IJ-CX-0022 Process and Outcome Evaluation of Prosecutorial Waiver to Criminal Court in Virginia Caliber Associates Gerald M. Croan $180,827 99-JR-VX-0003 A Prospective Study of Serious Adolescent Offenders University of Pittsburgh Edward P. Mulvey $368,176 99-IJ-CX-0053 Prospective Study of Serious Delinquency in Adolescent Girls Harvard University Dawn A. Obeidallah $49,958 99-IJ-CX-0040 Social Capital and Young At-Risk African American Males Rutgers State University of New Jersey Joseph Richardson $15,000 99-IJ-CX-0056 Youth-Police Interaction and the Implication for Co-Production of Safety in Chicago Chicago Alliance for Neighborhood Safety Warren Friedman $40,000 98-IJ-CX-0077 Gangs Evaluation of G.R.E.A.T. (Gang Resistance Education and Training) University of Nebraska-Omaha Finn Esbensen $216,990 94-IJ-CX-0058 Gangs in Rural America Illinois State University Ralph Weisheit and Edward Wells $68,208 99-IJ-CX-0036 Police Problem-Solving Strategies for Dealing With Youth and Gang-Related Firearms Violence Rand Corporation Peter Greenwood $249,991 98-IJ-CX-0043 --------------------------- Appendix C: Materials Published in Fiscal Year 1999 Most NIJ materials are free and can be obtained in several ways: --Download documents from the World Wide Web site at http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij. --Call or write to the National Criminal Justice Reference Service (NCJRS) at 800-851-3420 (outside the United States, call 301-519-5500), P.O. Box 6000, Rockville, MD 20849-6000, or download documents from the NCJRS Web site at http://www.ncjrs.org. --Order Research Previews via fax-on-demand by calling 800-851-3420. --For many science and technology publications, call the National Law Enforcement and Corrections Technology Center (NLECTC) at 800-248-2742 or download documents from the NLECTC Web site at http://www.nlectc.org. NIJ publishes several types of publications, including: --Research in Action: Overviews of specific topics and programs in research and practice. --Research in Brief: Summaries of recent NIJ research, development, and evaluation findings. --Research Reports: Comprehensive reports on NIJ-sponsored research and development projects. --Research in Progress Videotapes: Sixty-minute lectures with a question-and-answer segment presented by well-known scholars and accompanied by a Research Preview summarizing the salient points of the discussion. --Research Previews: Two-page fact sheets on research and evaluation findings and activities. --Issues and Practices: Reports presenting program options and issues for criminal justice managers and administrators. --Program Focus: Highlights of specific innovative State and local criminal justice programs. --Research Forum: Reports based on NIJ-sponsored conferences and lectures series. ADAM Annual Reports 1998 Annual Report on Cocaine Use Among Adult and Juvenile Arrestees, April 1999, NCJ 175657. 1998 Annual Report on Drug Use Among Adult and Juvenile Arrestees, April 1999, NCJ 175656. 1998 Annual Report on Marijuana Use Among Adult and Juvenile Arrestees, April 1999, NCJ 175658. 1998 Annual Report on Methamphetamine Use Among Adult and Juvenile Arrestees, April 1999, NCJ 175660. 1998 Annual Report on Opiate Use Among Adult and Juvenile Arrestees, April 1999, NCJ 175659. Corrections Coordinating Community Services for Mentally Ill Offenders: Maryland's Community Criminal Justice Treatment Program, Conly, C., Program Focus, April 1999, 20 pages, NCJ 175046. Keeping Track of Electronic Monitoring, NLECTC Bulletin, October 1999, 7 pages. Mock Prison Riots, Videotape, 1999, 5 minutes 36 seconds. 1996-1997 Update: HIV/AIDS, STD's, and TB in Correctional Facilities, Hammett, T.M., P. Harmon, and L.M. Maruschak, Issues and Practices, July 1999, 107 pages, NCJ 176344. Police-Corrections Partnerships, Parent, D., and B. Snyder, Issues and Practices, March 1999, 52 pages, NCJ 175047. Washington State's Corrections Clearinghouse: A Comprehensive Approach to Offender Employment, Finn, P., Program Focus, July 1999, 20 pages, NCJ 174441. When Neighbors Go to Jail: Impact on Attitudes About Formal and Informal Social Control, Clear, T.R., and D.R. Rose, Research Preview, July 1999, 3 pages, FS 000243. The Women's Prison Association: Supporting Women Offenders and Their Families, Conly, C., Program Focus, November 1998, 24 pages, NCJ 172858. Courts and Sentencing Fragmentation of Sentencing and Corrections in America, Tonry, M., Research in Brief, September 1999, 8 pages, NCJ 175721. Incorporating Restorative and Community Justice into American Sentencing and Corrections, Kurki, L., Research in Brief, September 1999, 11 pages, NCJ 175723. Reconsidering Indeterminate and Structured Sentencing, Tonry, M., Research in Brief, September 1999, 11 pages, NCJ 175722. Reforming Sentencing and Corrections for Justice Punishment and Public Safety, Smith, M.E., and W.J. Dickey, Research in Brief, September 1999, 12 pages, NCJ 175724. Crime Prevention Adolescent Girls: The Role of Depression in the Development of Delinquency, Obeidallah, D.A., and F.J. Earls, Research Preview, July 1999, 4 pages, FS 000244. Controlling Drug and Disorder Problems: Oakland's Beat Health Program, Mazerolle, L.G., and J. Roehl, Research in Brief, March 1999, 8 pages, NCJ 175051. Crime, Grime, Fear, and Decline: A Longitudinal Look, Taylor, R.B., Research in Brief, July 1999, 12 pages, NCJ 177603. Crime in the Schools: Reducing Conflict With Student Problem Solving, Kenney, D.J., and S. Watson, Research in Brief, July 1999, 12 pages, NCJ 177618. The Detroit Handgun Intervention Program: A Court-Based Program for Youthful Handgun Offenders, Roth, J., Research Preview, November 1998, 4 pages, FS 000231. Fraud Control in the Health Care Industry: Assessing the State of the Art, Sparrow, M.K., Research in Brief, January 1999, 12 pages, NCJ 172841. National Evaluation of Weed and Seed, Dunworth, T., and G. Mills, Research in Brief, July 1999, 12 pages, NCJ 175685. National Evaluation of Weed and Seed: Cross-Site Analysis, Dunworth, T., G. Mills, G. Cordner, and J. Greene, Research Report, July 1999, 90 pages, NCJ 176358. National Evaluation of Weed and Seed: Akron Case Study, Decker, S., J.H. Frank, and K. Jacoby, Research Report, August 1999, 42 pages, NCJ 175695. National Evaluation of Weed and Seed: Hartford Case Study, Rich, T.F., and K. Jacoby, Research Report, August 1999, 55 pages, NCJ 175696. National Evaluation of Weed and Seed: Las Vegas Case Study, Decker, S., T. Dunworth, G. Mills, and K. Jacoby, Research Report, August 1999, 52 pages, NCJ 175697. National Evaluation of Weed and Seed: Manatee/Sarasota Case Study, Cordner, G., C. Roberts, and K. Jacoby, Research Report, August 1999, 64 pages, NCJ 175698. National Evaluation of Weed and Seed: Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Case Study, Bynum, T., G. Mills, and K. Jacoby, Research Report, July 1999, 53 pages, NCJ 175699. National Evaluation of Weed and Seed: Salt Lake City Case Study, Greene, J., J.H. Frank, and K. Jacoby, Research Report, August 1999, 52 pages, NCJ 175700. National Evaluation of Weed and Seed: Seattle Case Study, Bridges, G., J.H. Frank, and K. Jacoby, Research Report, August 1999, 51 pages, NCJ 175701. National Evaluation of Weed and Seed: Shreveport Case Study, Cordner, G., C. Roberts, and K. Jacoby, Research Report, August 1999, 58 pages, NCJ 175702. Reducing Crime and Drug Dealing by Improving Place Management: A Randomized Experiment, Eck, J.E., and J. Wartell, Research Preview, January 1999, 2 pages, FS 000235. Reintegrating Juvenile Offenders into the Community: OJJDP's Intensive Community-Based Aftercare Demonstration Program, Altschuler, D.M., Research Preview, December 1998, 4 pages, FS 000234. What Can the Federal Government Do To Decrease Crime and Revitalize Communities? January 5-7, 1998, Panel Papers, Research Forum, October 1998, 106 pages, NCJ 172210. Drugs and Crime The BTC (Breaking the Cycle) Review, Program Brief, April 1999, 4 pages. Comparing Drug Use Rates of Detained Arrestees in the United States and England, Taylor, B., and T. Bennett, Research Report, April 1999, 60 pages, NCJ 175052. Meth Matters: Report on Methamphetamine Users in Five Western Cities, Pennell, S., J. Ellett, C. Rienick, and J. Grimes, Research Report, April 1999, 67 pages, NCJ 176331. Law Enforcement Attitudes Toward Crime, Police, and the Law: Individual and Neighborhood Differences, Sampson, R.J., and D.J. Bartusch, Research Preview, June 1999, 2 pages, FS 000240. Civilian Police and Multinational Peacekeeping--A Workshop Series: A Role for Democratic Policing, Burack, J., W. Lewis, E. Marks, D.H. Bayley, R.M. Perito, and M. Berkow, Research Forum, January 1999, 35 pages, NCJ 172842. Informal Information Sharing Among Police Agencies, Weiss, A., Research Preview, December 1998, 2 pages, FS 000233. Measuring What Matters: Proceedings From the Policing Research Institute Meetings, Langworthy, R.H. (ed.), Research Report, July 1999, 224 pages, NCJ 170610. Michigan State Police Tests 2000 Patrol Vehicles, NLECTC Bulletin, October 1999, NCJ 180377. 1999 Model Year Patrol Vehicle Testing, NLECTC Bulletin, February 1999. Policing Neighborhoods: A Report From St. Petersburg, Mastrofski, S.D., R.B. Parks, A.J. Reiss, Jr., and R.E. Worden, Research Preview, July 1999, 2 pages, FS 000245. Systematic Observation of Public Police: Applying Field Research Methods to Policy Issues, Mastrofski, S.D., R.B. Parks, A.J. Reiss, Jr., R.E. Worden, C. DeJong, J.B. Snipes, and W. Terrill, Research Report, December 1998, 43 pages, NCJ 172859. The Use of Computerized Crime Mapping by Law Enforcement: Survey Results, Mamalian, C.A., and N.G. La Vigne, Research Preview, January 1999, 3 pages, FS 000237. Technology The Appropriate and Effective Use of Security Technologies in U.S. Schools: A Guide for Schools and Law Enforcement Agencies (Nonsensitive Version), Green, M.W., Research Report, September 1999, 130 pages, NCJ 178265. The Appropriate and Effective Use of Security Technologies in U.S. Schools (Sensitive Version), Green, M.W., Research Report, September 1999, 130 pages, NCJ 178266. Autoloading Pistols for Police Officers, NIJ Standard-0112.03, Equipment Performance Report, January 1999, 24 pages, NCJ 173943. Evaluation of Analytical Methodologies for Nonintrusive Drug Testing: Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Cocaine From Hair: NIJ Report 601-98, Report, December 1998, 18 pages, NCJ 175661. Forensic Sciences: Review of Status and Needs, Issues and Practices, February 1999, 71 pages, NCJ 173412. Inventory of State and Local Law Enforcement Technology Needs to Combat Terrorism, Research in Brief, January 1999, 6 pages, NCJ 173384. New Technology Batteries Guide: NIJ Guide 200-98, October 1998, 52 pages, NCJ 172868. 1999 Patrol Vehicle Tires, Equipment Performance Report, September 1999, NCJ 177610. Postconviction DNA Testing: Recommendations for Handling Requests, National Commission on the Future of DNA Evidence, Research Preview, September 1999, 118 pages, NCJ 177626. Selection and Application Guide to Police Body Armor, Guide 100-98, October 1998, 90 pages, NCJ 169587. TechBeat, Winter 1999, Spring 1999, Summer 1999, and Fall 1999. Telemedicine Can Reduce Correctional Health Care Costs: An Evaluation of a Prison Telemedicine Network, Carlson, K., E. Fournier, A. Hassol, J. McCullough, D.C. McDonald, and J. Yap, Research Report, March 1999, 84 pages, NCJ 175040. Test Protocol for Comparative Evaluation of Protective Gloves for Law Enforcement and Corrections Applications (Test Protocol 99-114), Fatah, A.A., Report, June 1999, 16 pages, NCJ 177600. What Every Law Enforcement Officer Should Know About DNA Evidence, Brochure, September 1999, 5 pages, BC 000614. Why Can't We Talk? Videotape, 1998, 13 minutes, NCJ 172213. Victims The Rights of Crime Victims: Does Legal Protection Make a Difference? Kilpatrick, D.G., D. Beatty, and S.S. Howley, Research in Brief, December 1998, 11 pages, NCJ 173839. Violence Comparing the Criminal Behavior of Youth Gangs and At-Risk Youths, Huff, R., Research in Brief, October 1998, 8 pages, NCJ 172852. "Designing Out" Gang Homicides and Street Assaults, Lasley, J., Research in Brief, November 1998, 6 pages, NCJ 173398. Findings About Partner Violence From the Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study, Moffitt, T.E., and A. Caspi, Research in Brief, July 1999, 12 pages, NCJ 170018. High School Youths, Weapons, and Violence: A National Survey, Sheley, J.F., and J.D. Wright, Research in Brief, October 1998, 7 pages, NCJ 172857. Impacts of the 1994 Assault Weapons Ban: 1994-96, Roth, J.A., and C.S. Koper, Research in Brief, January 1999, 12 pages, NCJ 173405. Prevalence, Incidence, and Consequences of Violence Against Women: Findings From the National Violence Against Women Survey, Tjaden, P., and N. Thoennes, Research in Brief, November 1998, 16 pages, NCJ 172837. Proceedings of the Homicide Research Working Group Meetings, 1997 and 1998, Research Forum, July 1999, 297 pages, NCJ 175709. Other Building Knowledge About Crime and Justice: The 1999 Research Prospectus of the National Institute of Justice, November 1998, 15 pages, NCJ 172883. Case Management in the Criminal Justice System, Healey, K.M., Research in Action, January 1999, 12 pages, NCJ 173409. Crime and Justice, A Review of Research (volume 23) and Youth Violence (volume 24), published by the University of Chicago Press, Journals Division, with support from NIJ. NIJ Awards in Fiscal Year 1998, Research in Brief, July 1999, 47 pages, NCJ 173932. NIJ Research Portfolio 1998, November 1998, 64 pages, NCJ 171670. Perspectives on Crime and Justice: 1997-1998 Lecture Series, Kelling, G.L., R. Kennedy, D.F. Musto, J. Petersilia, and P. Cook, Research Forum, November 1998, 125 pages, NCJ 172851. Viewing Crime and Justice From a Collaborative Perspective: Plenary Papers of the 1998 Conference on Criminal Justice Research and Evaluation, Kennedy, D., J.P. Thompson, L.B. Schorr, J.L. Edleson, and A.L. Bible, Research Forum, July 1999, 52 pages, NCJ 176979. NIJ Journal January 1999, Cover Story: "NIJ's Locally Initiated Research Partnerships in Policing--Factors That Add Up to Success," by Tom McEwen, 40 pages, JR 000238. April 1999, Cover Story: "Community Policing: Chicago's Experience," by Susan M. Hartnett and Wesley G. Skogan, 44 pages, JR 000239. July 1999, Cover Story: "Putting Ex-Offenders Back to Work," by Peter Finn, 36 pages, JR 000240. October 1999, Cover Story: "Mapping the Path to Problem Solving," by Thomas Rich, 36 pages, JR 000241. Solicitations for Research and Evaluation Assessment of the Strategic Approaches to Community Safety Initiative, December 1998, 7 pages, SL 000314. Basic Research on Violence Against Women, April 1999, 6 pages, SL 000350. Data Resources Program Funding for the Analysis of Existing Data, February 1999, 4 pages, SL 000320. Evaluation of the Domestic Violence Victims' Civil Legal Assistance Program, April 1999, 8 pages, SL 000355. Evaluation of a Multisite Demonstration for Enhanced Judicial Oversight of Domestic Violence Cases, May 1999, 8 pages, SL 000357. Evaluation of Policies, Procedures, and Programs Addressing Violence Against Women, March 1999, 9 pages, SL 000337. Examination of Privatization in the Federal Bureau of Prisons, April 1999, 6 pages, SL 000354. FY 1999 Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring (ADAM) Research and Evaluation Grants, November 1998, 11 pages, SL 000311. FY 1999 Corrections and Law Enforcement Family Support Solicitation for Research, Evaluation, Development, and Demonstration Project, March 1999, 16 pages, SL 000329. Graduate Research Fellowship Program: Tomorrow's Research Community, December 1998, 2 pages, NCJ 172869. John B. Pickett Fellowships in Criminal Justice Policy and Management, December 1998, 2 pages, SL 000309. Juvenile "Breaking the Cycle" Evaluation, October 1998, 5 pages, SL 000308. National Impact Evaluation of Victim Service Programs Funded Through the S.T.O.P. Violence Against Women Formula Grants Program, April 1999, 7 pages, SL 000351. NIJ Science and Technology Solicitation, August 1999, 10 pages, SL 000374. Office of Research and Evaluation 2000 Solicitation for Investigator-Initiated Research, September 1999, 9 pages, SL 000385. Operations and Maintenance of the National Law Enforcement and Corrections Technology Center (NLECTC)-West, July 1999, 15 pages, SL 000368. Research on Procedures of Institutions of Higher Education to Report Sexual Assaults, July 1999, 7 pages, SL 000373. Research on Violence Against Indian Women, May 1999, 6 pages, SL 000359. Researcher-Practitioner Partnerships: Evaluation of Grants to Encourage Arrest Policies for Domestic Violence, April 1999, 9 pages, SL 000349. Solicitation for Forensic DNA Research and Development, 7 pages, SL 000369. Solicitation for Research and Evaluation on Corrections and Sentencing (1999), March 1999, 8 pages, SL 000331. Solicitation for Safe School Technologies, April 1999, 6 pages, SL 000338. Solicitation for Video Sensing and Processing Technologies, April 1999, 6 pages, SL 000348. Solicitation to Municipalities to Become an Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring (ADAM) Site, August 1999, 24 pages, SL 000375. NIJ Annual Report 1998 Annual Report to Congress, December 1999, 76 pages, NCJ 177617. Catalogs of Publications NCJRS Catalog #42, September/ October 1998, 24 pages, BC 000266. NCJRS Catalog #43, November/ December 1998, 24 pages, BC 000267. NCJRS Catalog #44, January/ February 1999, 24 pages, BC 000268. NCJRS Catalog #45, March/April 1999, 24 pages, BC 000269. NCJRS Catalog #46, May/June 1999, 24 pages, BC 000270. NCJRS Catalog #47, July/August 1999, 24 pages, BC 000271. NCJRS Catalog #48, September/ October 1999, 24 pages, BC 000272. The NIJ Publications Catalog, 1997-98, July 1999, 59 pages, NCJ 177599. ----------------------------- For more information on the National Institute of Justice and to obtain an electronic version of this report, please visit the NIJ World Wide Web site at http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij or contact: National Criminal Justice Reference Service Box 6000 Rockville, MD 20849-6000 Phone: 800-851-3420 Phone: 301-519-5500 E-mail: askncjrs@ncjrs.org